LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



Shelf.L3.1. 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



C, W. URISON'S PDBUeATIONS, 

The Tenting School, - - %^-^5 
Elements of Orthoepy, - - ^-oo 
Sylvia Dubois, - - - - 75 



THE 

Tenting School: 

—A— 

DESCRIPTION OF THE TOURS TAKEN, 

—AND (»F TIIK— 

FIELD WORK DONE, 

— CY THE- 

CLASS IN GEOGRAPHY 

— TN Tin:— 

ACADEMY OF SCIENCE AND ART 

—AT— 

RINGOS, N. J., 

iDus,xisrc3- THE -Yr:E:j^:R issa. 

BY G. W. LARISON, M. D., 

PRIN'llPAL OF TIIK ACADEMY OF SCIEMiE AND ART AT KI1V«0ES, N. .1.: 

FOKMEULV PROF. NATURAL SCIENCE IN THE IINIVERSITV AT 

LEWISBI R(i, PA.; AUTHOR OK ELEMENTS OF ORTHOEPY; 

BIOCiRAPHY OF SILVIA DUROIS, Ar., &c. 

... 3 1833, !l 



RINGOS, N. .r.: 

0. W. Laeison, Puiir.isnEK. 

1883. 



V\'(^ 



TO THE STUDENTS OF GEOCIKAPHY, 

IN THE 

ACAD E M Y () F S C I E N C E AND A 1^ 1% 

AT 

RINGOS, N. J., 

THIS BOOK IS RESPEt;TFULT.Y DEDICATED, 

AS A TOKEN OF THE GUARDIAN CARE 

EVER HAD FOR THEM WHILE UPON SCIENTIFIC TOURS, 

BY THEIR TEACHER, 



THE AUTHOK. 






Entered according to Act of Congress, in (Iji' vciir lS8:i, 

By C. W. LAKISON, 

la tlie uttice of tlie Libi'ariau of Congress at Wiisliiiifitnii, 1). V.. 



PKEFACE. 



As mueh interest has always been manifest 
by educators and Mie friends of edneation, in 
onr Toui's for sc*ientTfi€ purposes, I have 
thought that it may be well to ])iit in book- 
form, a description of the utensTls needed to 
make a toui" and ^le work done while in the 
field. Accordingly, I have written ^le follow- 
ing i)iiges. 

The pages of the article entitled Tour of 
Centrfil ]N^. J., were written while we were in 
the field, and tiie greater piirt of tJiem while 
the Teaeiiers and Stiidents were sleeping. 
This happened not of elioice, biit of necessity. 
While tenting, tfie care of tlie party and tiie 
giving of instruction, occiipies the most of my 
time while the stiidents are awake ; so, I get 
but little time to write, excepting while they 
are asleep. 

Hence, while upon a Tenttng Tour, my cus- 
tom IS to attend to tlie wants of the Stiidents 
diirTng tlie day ; and, at evening to see that 



IV 



^e tents and tenting arrangements are in 
proj^er order, and fehat eaeh has retired in 
projier order, and Mien retire for a nap. Usii- 
ally, about midnight, sometimes before, some- 
times after, I awake, go tJn'o the tents to see 
that all thmgs are j^roper, adjust my light and 
write till dawn. At tliTs hour, tJ^e man-of-all- 
work IS called to feed, to take €;are of tJie 
teams and to prepare for the diities of the day. 
When he is fully at his drities, tiie Teaehers 
and Stiidents are tailed, and I retire for an- 
oMier short nap. 

Hence yon learn tliat tiie images that are 
written Avhile tenting, are hastily prepai'ed, 
and are done at a time when one Ts in not a 
good condition to write. When one has lee- 
trired two or tluee times during tlie day, and 
has had tiie care of a dozen or more stiidents, 
from dawn till bedtime, he feels a little care- 
worn, and writes w^Ttli less spirit t^ian when 
free from cares, and unburdened witli lilboi'. 
However, I boi)e tliat tlie readers of tliese 
pages may be entertained and edified. I have 
described tliTijgs as I saw tlieni, and while tliey 
were frcsii Tn my mind. The facts are 
worthy ; and, were my style of writing better 
suited to descrTption, tliey could hardly fail to 
please. 

The ortliogra|)hy of tiie words Tn tiiTs book, 
Tn many cases, dTtfei's somewhat from tiiat 



fcKind 111 Mie Websterian Dictionary. To 
some extent, I have followed the advice of 
the SpellTijg Reform AssocTiltion. The Tnex- 
plieable jumbling of eliaraetei's in spelling 
American words is an unpardonable disgrace 
to the American people. Indeed, in tiie spell- 
ing of words according to the old usage, 
nearly one-flftli of tlie characters are a[>honic. 
And tlien again, to represent the same fon, In 
one case, at least, as many as five different 
characters are used. (See my Elements of 
Ortlioepy, page 48). For instance, the sound 
represented In the word "shut'' by sh. Is 
sometimes represented l)y sii ; sometimes by c, 
as In tlie word "social;" sometimes by cli, as 
111 tlie woi'd " cliaise ;'' sometimes by s, as In 
tlie word "mission;" and sometimes by t, as 
In the word " mention." And Mien to, In tlie 
ordinary print, tliese lettei's are used wltiio^it 
diacritical marks to sliow what sound the let- 
ter Is Intended to represent. Sucli a use of 
letters Is abominable. And, I hold tliat every 
honest, |)^illantlird[)lc teaelier, as well for his 
own ciedit, as for tlie well-being of tlie com- 
ing generations, will do all that he can to Im- 
prove the spelling of tlie Englls^i langaage, as 
It Is used In Alnelic^l. To contribute what I 
can. In piibllslilng this book, 1 have used type 
with diacritical marks, M^at It may be seen, at 



VI 

a glance what foii ji ehara^ter represents, or 
whetlier it represents no ton. 

The words "through;' "though," "pro- 
gramme,-' and some others, 1 have bobbed. 
The €andal appendage " ugh " and " me '' are 
as useless to the body of these words when 
the vowels are dIa€rTtT€aIly marked, as Ts tiie 
tail to a tad-pole when his legs have grown 
out. Let these tails fall away — tlie words 
look better and d() better wTtlirmt tlieni. 

By printing tlie book wTtli ty})cs wTtli tlie 
dlacritTcal marks affixed, a two-fold work Ts 
done; (botli of whTeli are miieli needed to be 
done). 1st. The I'cader sees at a glance how 
the word sliould be pronoi.inced. In the €'ase 
of young readers (and tliey are tlie ones to de- 
rive most benefit from i-eading tJiTs book) eaeh 
and every new word, a€€ordTng to tlie old way 
of prTntiug, necessitates the use of a DTetion- . 
ary to see how ^iTs new Avord is to be pi'o- 
noi^inced. When the dTa-erTtT€al marks a€-e6m- 
pany the letters forming tlie word, the proper 
proniincTation of tlie word Ts tlie first tliTiig 
learned, jind tlie use of tlic DT^-tionary Ts 6b- 
vTiited, and time Ts saved. 

2d. There Ts placed before tlic eyes of every 
one who reads Tt, a means of seeTiig how great 
a numbei" of eliara^ters Tn many of wir words 
are aplioiiTe ; and how often tlie same ■e4iara€- 
ter Ts used to represent dTfterent fons, and 



Vll 



how often Hie same foil is represented by a 
number of letters. These defects — oi* abom- 
inable usages — €an best be brought l)efore the 
eyes of Ihe reading public this way, and Ihiis, 
in a measure prepare tlie way for Mie new 
spelling wliT^ is everywhere meeting wTfeh 
favor, and is spreading thro tlie recent litera- 
ture of OLU' language. 

In Hits book, tiie diacrTtTcal niiirks used in 
])rTntTug Webster's Unal)rTdged DTctionaiy, 
amended as was found needful in prTiilTng my 
Elements of Ortlidcpy, are used. Every 
vo^wel letter tliat represents a foil is marked as 
it IS Til Webster's DTctionaiy, or else accord- 
Tug to the prTncIjjles dTscussed Tii my Elements 
of Ortlioepy. And, every consonant letter 
that Ts Used to represent more than one foil Ts 
so mai'ked as to Tndlcate wliTc4i fon Ts Tiitend- 
ed to be used Tn tlie place Tn wliTeli Tt stands. 
For example, g Tn got, we mark tiius, g; and 
g Tn gem, tlius, g. And so of oMier conso- 
nants. 

In any case Tn wliTcli a vowel letter Ts not 
marked, Tt Ts a]>hdnTc ; as a Tn tlie word mead, 
i Tn tile word field. And Tn any word Tn 
whTeli g or c Ts not mai'ked, Tt Ts ai>honTc ; as 
g Tn Hie word foi'eign, c Tn the word diiek. 

For a fuller dTscussion of the science of 
foiiTcs and tlie proper use of sounds and eliar- 



Vlll 

alters m woi-ds, see my book entitled Elements 
ofOrfelioepy. 

Upon reading Ihe pages as they have been 
returned to me from the press, altiio I wateiied 
tiie pi'oof as elosely as I €oiild, I see many ty- 
po gi-ajjiiTeal errors. But as sueh abcmnd in 
almost every book, I offer no apology. 

Excepting Uie €uts on pages 88, 39, 41, 42, 
48, 49, 50, 51 and 52, tiie engravTngs have 
been made by Mary W. Prall, an amateur who 
has not loug worked at the art. They serve 
to illustrate clearly what would l)e dTtfi€ult to 
des€r!be. 

To give some Idea of tlie €ost of a tour, 1 
have appended Appendix A. Aud, to gTve 
some Idea of tlie req-uii'ements of the piIpTls 
respe€tTng a discussion of tiiTngs seen while 
upon a tri]), I append two of tlie four essays 
that were prejiared by tiie students and as a 
part of tiie closing exercises of Mie term dur- 
ing which ^e Toiir was made. 

Hoping tiiat the TentTng School may prove 
woi'tli readmg, and that it may meet with as 
mudi favor as has my Elements ol Or^ioepy, 
I submit Tt to tiie cruel mercies of our relent- 
less crTtTcs. 

C. W. LARISOlsr. 



INTRODUCTION. 



EQUIPMENTS FOR TENTING. 



For 11 s€hool of small size, tlie equipment 
for tentiijg- need not be cumbersome nor ex- 
pensive. The necessaries are a €arry-all, a 
team, and team-TitensTls, tents, blankets, culi- 
nary apparatus and implements to facilitate 
study and tlie preservation of specimens. As 
Oiii' own witf it answers quite well for a party 
of eighteen persons, and as a descriptton of 
the various parts of whieh it is composed will 
indicate the kind, proportion and quality of tlie 
things that we have found practical, I will pro- 
ceed to describe those thYiio-s whieh we, for 
several years, have used Avhen tenting. As it 
IS not necessary tliat tlie equYpment of any 
other school sliould be exactly as oiirs is, while 
describing the parts of owv own cHit-f it, I will 
take tlie liberty to suggest, as opportunity 



presents, what I think would answer quite as 
well as, or better tJian, tiiose tilings tiiat we 
iire using. 

Carry-all. -The carry-all used by this sehool 
IS a plain, substantial vehiele suited to carry 
eighteen iidult persons, together with tlie en- 
tire equipment necessary for eneampment. In 
lengtli, the body of tlievehTcle is 12 feet ; in 
width 3 feet 10 Tnelies ; in height 5 feet. In 
til e top of tiie body, on eitiier side, is a sliell 
about 18 inehes wide and 5 Tnehes deep, di- 
vided into numerous compartments and se- 
■elirely -elosed by (i well fitting door. Usually in 
these ■eompartments are lodged siieli tilings as 
may be needed while tlie vehicle is in motion, 
or siieh tilings as do not bear to be pressed 
wTtli weighty objects. These iire also suitable 
places for carrying books, maps, eliiirts, port- 
folTos, drawing implements, botanical speci- 
mens and t4ie like. Indeed, tliese slielves are 
so useful and so handy, tliat I regard tlieiii in- 
dispensable to M tenting carry-all. Altlid 
tliey iire always full, yet tlie contents of eaeli 
can be gotten witliout disturbing tlie other 
apiirtments, or wTtliout i)uttTng tlieTiimates of 
the vehicle to discomfort, or to trouble. 



I 



3 

Aloiig the sides, Mie roof of the €any-all 
projects seven melies. Under this proje€ti6n 
are usually suspended tripods for the compass, 
the teles€opes, and sueh other utensils as are 
necessary for field Avork. Thus suspended, 
they are handy to get at any time ; when tlie 
team stops, at a site at whieli some observa- 
tions are to be made, these tools for study €an 
be got v\^Tthout iinpaeking, or overhauling Uie 
more cumbrous elements of baggage. 

Besides the €onvenience of suspending siieh 
impl ements as should be ever ready for tiie use 
of tlie students, in time of rain, this proje€ti6n 
IS of very great service. People m a vehicle 
with siieii a projeetion, in time of a severe 
storm, suffer less fi'om tlie beating in of tlie 
water. In time of a sliower, water driven in 
at tlie top of tlie carriage is mueli more abund- 
ant and niueh more detrimental tlian that en- 
tering at any other place. The projection 
greatly breaks tlie force of the di'ivTng element 
and miieli prevents tlie beating in of water. 
^N^or does tlie projection hurt tlie appearance 
of the vehicle. To tlie otlierwise flat side of a 
long carriage, it offers a pleasing relief; — tlie 
more pleasing because its utility is so apparent. 



From eaeh side of the body, over tiiie front 
wheels, projeets a box 12 mehes wide, 8 inehes 
deep and 5 feet long. In one of these boxes 
iire carried a ehest eontaining some nails and 
bolts of various sizes, screws, a S€rew-driver, 
pincers and a €ouple of ehisels, sueli utensils 
as are necessary for tlie team, — halters, briislies, 
•eurry-€ombs, straps, &c., &c. In tlie other 
iire tlie hammers for Geologic work, tro^vels 
and large knives for Botanic work, and sueli 
tools as iire useful in putting up tlie tent. 

From the left side of ^e body, opposite to 
tiie hind wheel, projects a box 7 Tnelies wide, 
12 melies deep and 4 feet long. In tliTs is 
carried a spjide, a saw, an axe, a small, strong 
hoe, axle grease, iitensTls foi- greasing tlie 
axles, &c., &c. 

Upon tlie back piirt of tlie body is fastened 
a box 4 feet and 8 Tnelies long, 15 inelies deep 
and 18 inehes wide. In tliTs box is carried 
tiie tents and tenting vitensils, and most of the 
€ulinary implements. Projecting from Uw 
back i)art of tJie vehicle, it is wit of the way of 
tile passengers while tlie wagon is in motion, 
and convenient of access while in camp. 

Beneatli tliTs box on ei^ier side, is a slTding 



5 

drawei", 6 mehes wide, 5 melies deep and 18 
Tnehes long. In one of these drawers iire kept 
the knives, forks and spoons. In tiie otiier are 
tlie utensils for washing- — sueh as to^vels, ssoap, 
&e., &c. 

These drawers €an be removed from tlie ve- 
hicle at will. And as a rnle, tlie one eontain- 
ing tlie knives, forks and spoons is removed 
and Used as a knife, fork and spoon tray, in the 
a€t of setting and -elearing tlie table, — a very 
convenient tiling, indeed. 

From tlie front of tlie \'eliT€le projects an 
elevated seat for tlie driver and his assistilnt. 
This seat is so arranged as to give tlie driver 
an excellent opportunity to survey tlie team, 
the vehicle and tlie road, full scope for maiieuv- 
ering and complete control of tlie vehicle and 
of tlie team. 

Upon tlie sides of tlie wagon, tlie tent poles 
iire fastened by means of straps. 

The boxes for carrying tlie various utensils 
being arranged upon the oiitslde of tlie vehi- 
cle, the inside can be entirely occupied by tlie 
passengers, tlieir victuals, clotlies, blankets and 
tlie like. 

In the back part of Uie wagon Ts a box 15 



in. wide, 18 in. deep, and long enough to extend 
from side to side of the wagon. In t^iTs box is 
kept tlie victuals. When needed, it is used as 
a seat. Under and upon tiie seats are placed 
the blankets. And so full do the blankets fill 
the spaces beneatli Hie seats, that when all are 
in their places, there is barely room for tlie 
feet. 

To draw a vehicle of the proportions and 
capacity above stated, requires a team of four 
good horses. When tlie implements iire loaded 
and the piirty iire seated, tlie average weight 
carried is abcmt tliTrty hundred lbs. This 
seems to be a heavy load ; but witli tiie best 
economy we can practice, we cannot reduce 
the weight miieh below this amoiint. In case 
feed for tlie team is to be carried, the weight 
will be above tiiat stated. But, excepting when 
going into a mountainous region, or some des- 
olate place, siieh as the pines of 'New Jersey, 
far away from any place at whieli feed is sold, 
it IS impractical to carry feed — excepting tliat 
it may be necessary to carry it a mile or two 
from Mie place of purciiase to tiie place of en- 
campment. The price of feed, in diffei'ent 
places, varies so little ^at tliere is not enough 



gained by pureliasmg where it ean be bought 
eiieap, to make up for Uie loss sustained by 
tlie in€onvenience of in€reasTiig tlie 1 oad and 
tile jading of the team. 

Team Utensils. — For fastening tlie team 
wliile feeding and while standing over night, 
halters are needed. These sJiould be strong. 
Horses tied in a strange place and unprotected 
by stal^les are often inclined to break loose ; 
and, during tlie first day and night, a horse 
tiiat breaks loose is quite apt to hasten home. 
I have seen more than one sJiiirp race to cap- 
ture {I horse tliat has l)rdken loose ; and when 
siieli a race occurs during tiie night, it is not 
always pleasant, even if successful. 

Usually after tlie first day or two, tlie horses 
show a disposition to associate eaeli wTtli tlie 
otiier, and witli Hie tenting party ; and in case 
not more tliaii one horse breaks loose, he 
seldomly strays off. Biit from a loose horse 
as mueli danger tiien accrues as when he is 
disposed to leave. He is almost ceiiain eitiier 
to anno^^ or injure tlie otlier horses, or else 
visit the tents ; and, anyone might well ima- 
gine that a visitor in tlie sliape of a sliarp- 
»liod horse, however friendly he might be dis- 



8 

posed, would be as dangerous to the sleeping 
students as he would be unweleome to wakeful 
ones. A gray horse tliat has served upon many 
a tenting tour, used to be so kindly disposed 
that when done eatmg his mess, he was often 
let loose to brouse aro^ind for a while. Usu- 
ally after nipping tlie grass for a time, he 
would deliberately and sociably go up to the 
tents, survey tliem as €arefally as a man 
would, go to tlie tent door, extend his head in- 
to the tent, and if not noticed, he would neigh 
gently, or nibble some one a little; and, if then 
not told to go away, he would -eautTously walk 
in, as if he wT&lied to make his home in tlie 
tent wT^ tlie folks. 

The same horse frio-htened when brousTno- 
aroiind, woiild always seek refuge at the 
tents ; and sometimes it was dTft'i€ult to keep 
him away, and to keep htm from stepping up- 
on tiie edges of tlie tents. Most otlier horses ^lat 
have been used upon tenting tours have sliown 
like dispositions, ]3ut not m so marked a degree. 

Feed boxes or mangers [ire TndTspensal^le to 
tlie tenting outfit. To serve as mangers, two 
of tiie seats in tlie veliTele iire so arranged tliat, 
when turned upside do^vn, ea€h one makes a 



trough suitable for feeding two horses. 



A^ 



l^iese seats are never needed while tlie team is 
feeding, tiiey serve botii j^urposes ec^ially well. 
As horses eat well only when the manger is 
somewhat elevated above tlie groiind, it Ts 
often diffieult to make sileli arrangements for 
feeding as we wish. If in a woods, or near 
a fence, tliTs difficulty is overcome by using 
for eaeli horse a small box as a manner. 
Thro tlie side of the manger a hole Ts bored 
and extending thro this hole Ts a liirge sti'ong 
screw armed wTtli a head tliat allows one to 
turn Tt easily, wTtli the fTngers. WTth a bTt 
or a small auger, of suitable size, a hole Ts 
bored Tnto a tree or Tnto the fence, and tlien by 
means of tlie screw ^e box Ts secured at any 
desirable height wTtii very ITttle labor. 



"'>''^^'^'^■•vvvvw^vyvvv^vJ \ 



^ 




As miidi extemporlzTng Ts always recj-iilred 
xn provIdTng for the horses, especially when 



10 

far awSy from the eomforts of stables and 
sheds, it IS best to have along an axe, a saw, a 
ehisel or two, several bits and a brace, several 
staples and rings, a screw driver, some screws 
and some nails, several haim straps, an awl and 
some waxed ends, and a good supply of rope ; 
of this there should be pieces of different sizes. 
To be m a monntainous district, or in a barren 
region, far away from me^iamc shops and 
hardware stores, witli four hungry horses and 
withoiit the f acilTtTes to take proper care of 
^lem IS misery m tlie extreme. It is sure to 
work rviTn to &e team, and disaster to the 
party. To ensiire success, all must be provid- 
ed for — the vehicle and the team not less than 
the party. 

While tenting in a moiintamous district, 
or m any district far away from a hay market, 
great difficulty is usiially suffered in provid- 
ing the team with hay. Grain can be bought 
almost anywhere, and it is easy to carry ; but 
usiially it is not easy to find hay, especially at 
sueh places as the horses most need it ; and it 
is always a cumbersome and a troublesome 
fodder to carry ; but horses fare badly witliout 
it ; it is cruelty and dangerous to deprive them 



11 

of it for any considerable length^of time ; and 
so, as respects liie team, tlie hay cj^iiestion is 
tiie most serious problem Hiat relates to tent- 

The great length of the body of the vehicle 
and tlie space required for ^e double team, 
would make it impractical to turn in a narrow 
place, or upon a small area. But, tliis diffi- 
culty IS obviated by an iireli cut into the side 
of the body at siieli a place and in siieli a way 
that the f oi"e wheel, when tlie tongue is turned, 
can pass beneatJi tlie ])ody until it strikes the 
lang. By means of tliTs simple arrangement 
tlie facility to tiirn is so great that I have seen 
the driver tiirn tlie carry-all arotmd when fully 
loaded, in a two rod I'oad. This ease of turn- 
ing, to a tenting \'ehTcle, is of very great im- 
portance. Ofttimes the most desirable places 
for pitching tlie tents are not easy of access, 
Olttimes, in mountainous places, very short 
turns must l^e made in order to pass between 
and around rocks, to wind around and between 
trees, and to make a quick and short turn upon 
a small open area, tliat is surrounded by im- 
passable barriers. 

To ^e inexperienced, it may be a question 



12 

whether m ease tiie j^iirty numbered eighteen 
or twenty, it would not be better to divide it 
and drive two earry-alls. As respeets tliTs 
question, — experience has taught iis to do as 
we!are now doTno-. While tiie vehicle is in 
motion, mueii Tnstruetion €an be given relative 
to Mie objeets and the^'places we are passing. In- 
deed, a vast deal of instruction relative to tlie 
Geography, Geology, Botany and Agriculture 
of ^e district through whieh we are going is 
always given while we are lidmg along. 

In order iJiat this instruction may be shared 
by eaeh pupil, it is not only necessary tliat 
each one be so seated tliat he can hear what 
remarks the teaeiier is making, but he must, at 
yie same time, be so seated tiiat he, with ease, 
views tlie object under discussion. To provide 
for ease of viewing, the vehicle is uimsiially 
high, and so arranged tliat, from end to end 
nothing obstructs the vision. Indeed, as ^le 
vehicle passes along, tlie passengers seem to 
look down upon all objects tliat iire upon tlie 
ground within the distance of many rods ; and 
as it passes trough the streets of villages, or 
cities, eaeh passenger is above tlie head of tlie 
footman upon Hie pavement, and commands 



13 

an extended vieAV of the street, t=lie pavements, 
the promenades, tJie drives, the parks, tlie re- 
liefs of buildings and whatever else is of inter- 
est, of utility or of beauty. In order to view a 
city, or a villag'e, we know of no other arrange- 
ment tliat IS so well suited, nor €an less be 
said m respe-et to its adaptation to viewing a 
rural district. 




"A" Tent. 



Tents. — For a party of eighteen, two tents 
are recj^ured. For our purpose, the "A" tent 
answers very well. It is simple, easy to put 
iip, commodious, effectual, and easy to take 
down and pack away. For tliis tent, when 
separate from ^le vehicle, five poles are needed. 
— two, about eight feet long, for eaeh end, and 
one, about fourteen feet lono^, for ^e center. 



u 




15 

But (Hir method of pitehmg the tent is siieh 
as to obviate the necessity for two of tlie end 
poles. In the cornice, along- tlie side of tlie 
€aiTy-all, is a hole thro whieh extends a 
rope. By means of ^iTs rope, one end of the 
center-pole is suspended from the wagon top. 
The other end of the center-pole is suspended 
by shears made by fastening together wTtli a 
hame strap at a suitable place, two of the eight 
feet poles. By this arrangement, we are 
obliged to €arry 1 ess poles. Thus arranged, 
^e tent is very elose to the wagon ; but tliis 
we often find a great €onvenience. In ease it 
storms, tlie distance from the wagon to tlie 
tent cannot be too little. 

For the arrangement of the poles, m piteh- 
mg the tent, see Mie engraving above. 

When moving from place to place, the poles 
are strapped upon the right side of the wagon, 
about level with the back of the seats. 



16 






The Roof Sheet of Canvas. 



The roof piece of canvas for a tent is reetaneu- 
lar. It IS abwit twenty-four feet long, and 
twelve feet wide. This makes a tent that is 
ample and convenient. 



17 




L^ 



Canvas of the Closed End. 



As tlie back part of tlie tent is always kept 
closed, tiie canvas for tliis end is made m one 
piece. In form, it is triangalar. Of tliTs piece 
the g-rwmd edge is about twenty feet long. 
At its greatest width, it is about seven feet. 




Canvas Sheets of the Open End. 

The eaiivas for the end of Uie tent at whieh 
it IS entered, is made in tw^o pieces. Eaeln 
piece IS a right angled triangle, of wdiTeli Um 
base IS ten feet and tlie perpendT^ular seven 
feet. When in position, tliese pieces are joined 
along the perpendicular edges. When Muis 



18 

arranged, Miey completely close up the entering 
end of tlie tent. By leaving one of tliem loose 
at the gro^-ind, it may be drawn aside, or pinned 
back, to answer as a door, in entermg or leav- 
ing the tent. 

To fasten the several pieces of canvas to- 
gether, large pins are used. To secure a suit- 
able pm for Mils purpose is an important item. 
The pinnmg of tlie canvjis is not a small ©hore, 
especially so, in case the pins are eitlier toe 
small or too large. If Mie pm is to© small, tlie 
weight of tlie canvas, or its movement by tlie 
wind, soon bends it, and tlien it is no longer 
efficient. If it is toe liirge, it is with difficulty 
pierced tliro the canvas, and is very often 
bent Til t-lie effort. The pins numbered 3 are 
a convenient size. 

The ground-edge of tlie canvas is armed 
wTtli a small rope, so hemmed m as to form a 
strong border. Along tliis border, at intervals 
of aboiit two feet, are holes large enough to ad- 
mit pins five-eighths of an Tneh m diameter. 
To prevent tearing (Hit, or tearing into tlie 
canvas, they are well hemmed. Through tliese 
holes extend the ground-pms ^at hold Mie tent 
to the ground. 



19 




Q 



Ground Pins Strung on a Rope. 



The groiiiid-pins are made of Iron, f of an 
ineh ^ick, one foot long, sliarpened at Mie end 
that IS driven into the groiind, and at ^e end 
that holds the eanvas border, €nrled over so as 
to form a ring. This ring serves the double 
purpose of acting as a hook in holding Mie 
eanvas border, and as a handle, in carrying tlie 
pms, and in drawing tliem out of tlie ground. 
Pins of less size are inefficient; sometimes 
longer ones are better, — especially when Hie 
tent IS pTtehed upon sandy gTOund,-sueh as tliat 
in the pines of JST. J., or Hiat along tlie sea 
sliore, and tlie like. 

To sC'eiire tlie ground-pTns against loss, it is 
well to seeurely tie a small rope to the ring of 
one of tlie pins in sueh a way that the end of 
tlie rope extending from one side of the piii is 
several times longer tlian tliat extending from 
the other side. Then, iipon the longer end of 
the rope, string all ^e pins belonging to the 



20 

tent ; and then so tie the ends of the rope Miat 
it is not possible for any pin to get off until 
Mie rope is untied. Carefully following tliTs 
plan, has saved many a student mueh trouble. 
The loss of a single grwind-pTn is serious — es- 
pecially if lipon a stormy day, tlie loss is not 
discovered m time to provide anotlier before 
pitelimg Mie tent. Usually, some one belong- 
ing to Hie party using tlie tent is enjoined to 
have eliiirge of the gro^iiid pins ; and, he is ad- 
vised to place eaeli pin upon tlie rope as soon 
as he removes it from tlie ground. 

Hanging Bar. — To hang small tlitngs upon, 
a bar four feet long, iirmed witli hooks, and 
suspended from tlie end poles, is a great con- 
venience. Upon tliese hooks may be hung 
bonnets, hats, shawls and tlie like. A similar 
bar might be suspended from tlie center- 
pole. 

Blankets. — Eaeli member of a tenting 
party sliould be provided witli at least two 
blankets. One of tliese he needs to spread up- 
on Mie groiind to lie upon, to prote-et liTiii 
against dampness and dirt, tlie otlier, he needs 
to spread over him to keep him warm. Usually, 
two, or more, lie upon tlie same blanket, lu 



21 

this case, two or more blankets are placed be- 
neath tiie sleepers, and two, or more, as they 
seem to require, are spread over tiiem. 

The kinds of blankets used are various. 
Clean horse blankets, or lap robes, answer 
very well. Buftalo robes are good. Pieces 
of carpet answer a good purpose. Quilts are 
good. Indeed, whatever blanket is good for 
otiier purposes is good for tenting. 

Upon sandy ground especially, it is well 
to have the first piece spread down as large 
and as stoiit as possible. If the first layer is 
in small pieces, tlie edges often get turned iip, 
or tiie pieces shoved apart, and tlie sand works 
up between tlie blankets, and becomes an- 
no^ang. Accordingly, we are provided wTtli 
a strong piece of tliTck heavy carpet tliat cov- 
ers all tliat part of tlie tent upon whidi we 
expect to lie. Upon tliis, smaller blankets are 
spread until a suitable bed is made. By 
means of these blankets, we are completely 
protected from tlie dampness of the ground. 
Upon such an arrangement, one can lie with 
comparative comfort. 

Pillows. — Eaeli stiident is provided with a 
pillow. This iisnally consists of a little miis- 



22 

lin saek about fifteen Tnehes long, and about 
ten Indies wide, — well stuffed with feathers, 
or witli wool. WTtliout a pillow, a tenter is 
badly provided for the night. It is easier to 
sleep wTtliout blankets than wTtliout a pillow. 
While one €an lie easy, and sleep soundly iij)- 
on a solid rock, if he but has a nice soft pil- 
low beneatli his head ; he lies uneasy, and 
sleeps badly, in a downy bed, if he is obliged 
to keep a stone beneatli his head. To seerire 
rest for tlie night, and freedom from heada€he, 
and to promote elearness of Tntelle€t dnring 
the day, a good soft pillow is very important. 
Victualing Apparatus. — The victualing 

apparatus necessary for tenting, consists of a 
table, plates, dislies, pans, knives and forks, 
spoons, drinking €ups and friiit €ans. 

Table. — The table consists of a poplar 
board two and a half feet wide, and twelve 
feet long, armed with legs, atta-ehed by means 
of strong rings interlocked like the links in a 
eliain. When in iise, tlie surface of the table 
IS about two feet high. T() se€ure it against 
upsetting, the legs are wider apart at the bot- 
tom tlian they iire at the top. It may be made 
more se^iire still by inserting tlie lower end of 



23 

the legs into liie grcauid. When not in lise, 
the leo'S of the table live folded togetlier be- 
neath tlie board, and tied to prevent rattling. 

AVhen iipon tiie road, tlie table is €ai-rTed 
beneatli tlie wagon body, suspended by means 
of a bolt at one end, and a strap at tiie otlier. 

Plates. — The ])lates are of tin, — siieii as 
are often used m the art of baking pies. Tin 
plates are light — are not easily broken, and €an 
be packed in a small space. The}^ are l^right 
and invitTng to eat from, and give the table a 
^eerful appearance. Of these, tliere are 
eighteen, one for ea^i of tlie party. 

Pans. — To contain meat, fisli, bread, vege- 
tables and tlie like before distribution to tliose 
eating, there iire six re^tanguilar pans, — siieli 
as are sometimes used to bake €ake in. These 
are deeper tlian tlie dishes, about fifteen Tneli- 
es long and about eight melies wide. To 
these are added two large re^tangiilar pans, for 
€ontainino^ whatever maA' be a little extraor- 
dinary in size. These pans iire abcHit two 
mehes deep, a foot wide and abcHit twenty-two 
Tnehes long. These answer also as frying 
pans. 

Dessert Dishes. — To dtstribnte desserts, a 



24 

cir€ular tin disli about four Tnehes m diameter, 
answers very well. These are sueh as are 
used in baking small ^akes and tlie like. Of 
tiiese tiiere are twenty, — one for ea€4i of tlie 
party, as a desert disli, and two to l)e used as 
butter dishes. 

Knives and Forks. — Of knives and forks 

but little need be said. There sliould be at 
tiie least a loilfe and a fork for ea^i member 
of til e party. 

For €uttTng meat, fisli and tlie like, tliere 
sliould be about tliree knives adapted* to tlie 
purpose — buteher lailves answer very well. 

Spoons. — It IS diffTeiilt to eat witiicmt 
spoons. Upon tiie table siiould always lie a 
plenty of teaspoons and tablespoons. Our 
outfit requires twenty teaspoons, one for eaeli 
individual, and two for dipping sugar and tlie 
like. There are also six tablespoons. — used for 
dipping gravy, &c., &c. 

Cups. — For using coffee, tea, milk or Avater, 
€ups are needed. The ordTiiary tin €up t^iat 
holds about a pint answers very well. It 
holds enough, and on the a€€Oiint of tiie handle, 
it IS easy of use. Of tliese, eighteen iire need- 
ed, — one for eaeli of tlie party. 



25 

Fruit Jars. — Canned fruit is as acceptable 
to tiie eraving stomaeli* of a tenter as it is to 
tiiat of an epTeiire at home. Besides, it is 
easy to earry, and is always ready for use. 
Biit, the jars, usually employed in canmng 
fruit, serve various purposes upon a tenting 
excursion. They are convenient to hold vari- 
ous desserts until tliey iire distributed on ^le 
dessert plates, to hold preserves, pickles, 
&c., &G. 

Culinary Apparatus. — The culinary ap- 
paratus consists of tlie fire implements, pots, 
kettles and pans used in cooking. 

For cooking, tlie most satisfactory fire 
fehat we have used has been made by piling 
togeMier, lipon an open space, fagots and wood, 
after tlie manner practiced by tlie Indians. 
We have tried portable stoves, tiiat burn 
charcoal, resin, kerosene, tfec, &c. ; but eadi 
of these has been very unsatisfactory. Be- 
sides, tliey were cumbersome. The ordinary 
kerosene stove will not bum well in t^ie open 
air, unless tiiere be a calm. Hence, it is im- 
practical. Fiirtlier, it is constriicted on too 
small a scHle. To cook victuals for eighteen 
hungry tenters takes work, — a large, brisk 



26 

fire, and iiidustnous ^ooks. In order to spend 
as little time as possible at vTctualing, ever}^- 
frliing relatTng t() t:lie ^TilTnarv apparatus slionld 
be the very best, liiroe enough, and easy, and 
c]-tiTck of use. 

Unless great skTll, rnid a good system, Ts 
practiced, tliere will be t()0 muf^i time 4-on- 
sumed in vTetualTijg. Ilenee, evei'ytliTiig must 
be done to expedite tJie o])erati6ns relatTng t() 
tiie duties of the ^ulmarv department. AVlien 
hungry, at home, to wait long for vTetuals Ts 
very vexatious ; biit, Tt Ts very niiieli more so, 
when tentTng. When tenting, tlie appetite Ts 
almost always ^ravTug ; Tuid, eaeli one feels tlie 
need of hTs vTctnals at tlie hours at wbTt^i be 
Ts a-e€ust6med to eat. But, more tlian all tins, 
the more time is eonslimed Tn preparTng vTe- 
tuals, tlie less tliere wTll be to devote to obser- 
vation and selentTfT*^ TnvestTgations. 

To burn eliareoal, a liii-ge stove Ts required. 
Besides, Tt requires t()o nuu^i si)aee to ^-arry the 
fuel, wbTeb Ts yvvy dTrty and vrM'y vexacious 
to manage. A fli"e of I'esTn alone Ts not very 
bot. Ts not easy to manage, and Ts very smoky. 

'I\) kTndle fli'e, we Use a kind of strong Iron 
€-u]j, fastened to an iron lulndle about three 



27 

feet long. This €up is very wide at tlie to]) 
and wTll hold alimit a (|4iart. In tins eiip, we 
plaee a liaiidful or more of resTii, a gTll or more 
of kerosene, and alxHit a tablespoonfnl of a 
mTxtnre, eonsTstTn*^- of one i)art of etiiei- and 
fdnr ])arts of al^-ohol. At first tliono-ht, tiiTs 
may seem to \)v a xt'vy Tneomimtihle inTxtTlre; 
Init, of its |)ra4:'tTe vrdne, we liave mu^i evi- 
dence. To stiirt a fli-e Tn wet wood, diirmg- a 
rainy day, nndcM- ordinary eir^ninstanees, is 
not easy ; but, wTtii tlie arrangement, and tJie 
fiiel aliove named, Tt Ts readily etfeetrMl. 

To Tgnite resTn, Tn tlie open air, wTtli Tin 
ordTnary mat-f^i, Ts almost Tm]Jossible. To Tg- 
nite kerosene Tn tlie r)])en air wTtli a mateli, Ts 
not easy ; and to fTre aU-dhol Tn an open pan, 
wTtii a mat-t^i, Ts not done jit every trial. Ea-e^i 
of tliese substances require to be heated up to 
k certaTn ])fHnt, — t^ie kTndlTng jjoint, before 
tJiey wTll Tgnite. To raise tlie tein])eratrire of 
eitiier of tliese to tlie kTndlTng point, requires 
more heat tiian Ts developed" by Mie biirnTng of 
a mat^ ; but, et^ier Ts so volatile, t^iat when 
poured (Hit, Tts vapor Tnstantly rises. ThTs 
vapor fires at so lo^v a temperature, tJiat when a 
burning mjit-^i Ts brought Tn eonta^-t wTtli Tt, 



28 

Tt Ignites witli explosive violence, and €oii- 
tinnes to biirn witii vigor until consumed. 
While burning, tiie heaf generated, evaporates 
the alcohol, raises the temperature of the al€0- 
holK' vapor to tlie burntng point, and ignites 
Tt. By ^le burning of tiie alcohol, tlie kero- 
sene A'apor is raised to the kindling jDoint, and" 
IS Ignited. The buriiYng of tlie kerosene soon 
develops heat enough to liquify tiie resTn, 
evaporates Tt and Tgnltes Tt. At thTs juncture, 
a part of tiie kerosene and resTn begTiis to be 
converted Tnto a gas tliat makes a hotter blaze 
than tiiat made by buruTng eitiier kerosene or 
resTii alone ; besides, attendTng thTs fire Ts 
miieh less smoke tlian Ts made by llie burmng 
of resTn alone. 

The €up of burmng kerosene and resTn, when 
placed under a heap of wood that Ts not too 
wet, soon raises tiie fuel to tJie kTndlTng point, 
Tgnltes Tt and gTves to tlie fire such Tinpetu- 
osTty that Tt makes water boil quTckly, and 
butter to fry and sputter furTously. 

WTtli tlie €up alone, eharged as above di- 
rected, I have boiled a two gallon tea kettle of 
water Tn eight minutes. Biit, tJiTs €ould not 
have been done Tn a wTndy day. 



29 

It would be €rTmmal to make the above 
statement, respec'tmg- tiie iron €up and the 
fuel to be used witli it, wTtliont mfoi'ming the 
tiro that it IS very dangerous. Should any one 
attempt to use it, he cannot be too careful. 
The a€t of touehing it oif wTtli a mateh, un- 
less circumspectly done, may prove very 
disastrous. The results of using this mix- 
ture witliout sufficient circumspeetion we 
have seen. Suffice it to say, they were terri- 
ble. 




Tripod and Kettles. 



Fire Irons. — To suspend pots and kettles 
over tlie fire, we vise a tripod, made of tliree 
Ii'on rods about five eightlis of an Tneli tliTek 
and six feet long. At one end, each of these 
rods IS armed wTtii a ring. To form a tripod, 
through eaeh of tliese rings a eliain is so ex- 
tended as to seevirely bind tliem together while 



30 

the other ends are set apart, in sueli a way 
tiiat eaeh rests upon a point tiiat may be €oii- 
ceived to mark an angle of an equilateral 
triangle. 

Thus arranged, to Hie rings as many 
])eiidaiit eliains may be fastened as tliere are 
pots and kettles to be heated over the fire. 
The fasteiiTno- of tlie ^liains to tlie rings of 
tlie tripod is effected by a hook ; biit, to Tittaeh 
a pot to tlie eliain, a piece of iron bent into 
siieli a sliape as t() resemble the letter S is 
very €onvenient. ThTs S hook jilk>vvs one to 
elevate or lower ii pot at will, by simply hook- 
Tuii" tlie S hook into a higher or a lower link 
of tlie ©hain, as tlie height, or tlie Tmpetiious- 
ness of tlie fire may require. 

The JiexibTlTty of tlie ^liiin Tillo^'s a pot to 
be swung from tlie fire (piTekly, if need be. 
This IS a great advantage since over a rapid fire, 
tlie water in a pot often boils witli such violence 
tliat it overflows in an Tiistant after ebiillTtion 
begins. Unless tlie vessel ^-aii be qiii€-kly re- 
moved from tlie fire, tlie contents of the vessel 
IS lost, or damaged. Coffee, especially, is lia- 
ble to loss by overflow, if boiled over a rapid 
fire, 



31 




Tkipod and Cooking Utensils. 

Ring' Tlipod. — A tripod iiiade of a nijo- 
iii-med \vTtJijt4iree legs AlxHit ii loot loiig is very 
convenient. Indeed, Tn cooking wTMi ^le fry- 
Tng pan, it is so neeessai'y to have a snpport 
for Mie pan, ^lat ^iTs YHi])leinent is almost Tn- 
dispensable. For Tt, a sei)arate fire may be 
bnllt (Hit of some small wood; or, a qnantlty 
of glowing embers fi'om liie larger fire may be 
drawn (Kit, and over ^lem Tt may be placed. 
Thns arranged, frying may l)e douoi (jnTckly, 
and wT^i a moderate amount of lab()r. 

I^he ring of Uus trip5d is made of a square 
biir of inni about five-eightiis o. an Tneii tiiTck. 
The diameter of the rTiig Ts about 12 inches. 

— o — 

To guard against npsetting and to give space 
foi' Hie fire, tlie legs diverge. 

Pots. — Pots iire ciiinbers(")ine to carry. Yet, 
a ^iree gall5n ir()n pot, for boilTng potatoes, 
eggs, &e., &v., Ts almost TndTspensable. As a 
snl^stitilte, we have s()metimes nsed a cdmiiKm 
mTlk pan. But, IhTs siibstTtiitTon Ts not very 



32 

satisfaetory. The pan does not hold enough. 
The intense heat of so large a fire soon black- 
ens the pan and melts tlie soldering, and Urns 
rums it. 

Kettles. — A large Iron tea-kettle answers 
very well for booking coffee. It is eapacious, 
and IS quite manageable. It is often usable 
for other j^urposes. In addition to tliTs, a 
smaller kettle is often needed. 

Pans. — Two frying pans for eookmg meat 
and fisli are indispensable. They sliould be 
large, and eaeli should be armed witli a long- 
handle. Those belonging to our out-fit are 
16 meiies in diameter. Each one has a strong 
fiat handle about two feet long. When plac- 
ing tlie pan upon tlie fire, or removing it from 
tlie fire to tlie handle, by means of suitably 
formed loops, a flat bar of Iron, abo-iit five feet 
long, IS attaelied. A pan wTUi a handle seven 
feet long would be very unhandy, upon a tent- 
ing tour ; but, fixed m tlie wily fibove stated, 
the handle disjoins when it is to be packed 
away ; and, thiis disjoined, it €an be put away 
wT^i very little trouble. 



33 




Chair. 

Chairs. — Upon a tenting tour, ehairs are 
very €onvenient. The eliairs used by us are 
made somewhat after tiie style of a €amp ^air. 
When not in use, they are folded togetlier, and 
are packed away without mueli trouble. Usu- 
ally we strap tliem upon tliat end of tlie table 
that projeets from tlie veliTc'le. But, €4iairs 
are cumbersome, and add mueli to the load. 
And no more of them should be taken than is 
needed. 




Spade. — To dig tren^es around ^le tents m 
time of storm, a spade is useful. 



34 
Lanterns and Candles. — To TllumTnate, 

we usually use lanterns and candles. One or 
more lanterns are always needed to illuminate, 
in €ase, for any €ause, we should be benighted, 
or sliould need to attend the team, Tn the night. 
These lanterns aet equally well to TllumTnate 
the tent. AMio we retire early, yet often- 
tTmes, some one, or ones, wTsli to write at 
night. Then the lantern serves well. 

Candles are iiseful. Biit, unless the air is 
€alm, tliey flTcker and go out. As a I'ule, they 
are very unsatTsfaetory. Two good lanterns 
iisTially suffice for all purposes. 



EQUIPMENTS FOR STUDY. 



To make a tentTng trTp profTtable, eaeh 
Stiident must . be ecj-oippe/t wTtli suitable 
tools. Eaeh Student of CTeograi>hy must 
be iirined wTtli hTs «ase of drawTng tools 
and drawTng eiirds fdi- miikTiig ina})s and 
drawTng sketelies ; a telescope for vie^^Tng 
distant objeets, and a pocket eompass for de- 



35 

tcrmmmg' the posTtioii ol' the 4:-ardinal points, 
and a barometer to ascertain tiie altitude of 
liTllts. Eaeh Student of Botany must have 
wTtii liTm a fioi-a, — for determtning- tiie genera 
and s})eeTes of jjljints, a i)lant box for -e-a-rrying 
fre.sii plants, a box of (ITsse-ettng tools for dis- 
set'tTng plants, a inl-erns^'dpe for examining 
tlie minute piirts of plants, and a drytng €ase 
for ])i'eservTng siit^i s])eeTmens as iii'e desired 
for a lierl)arTuin. Ea-e4i Strident Tn Zoology 
must be provided AvTtJi a <:-ase of dTsseetmg 
t()ols for tlie <lTsse4'tTon of animals, a mi-ero- 
S€'ope for t^ie examination of tlie miniitTae of 
animals, and jars wTtli jlk-dhol for the preserva- 
tion of Anatomic- and Zodlogi^ speeimens. 
Eaeh Student Tn Geoldg-y must be equTp]3ed 
wTHi a hammer for dressing speeimens, a cli- 
nometer for deterinining tiie dip of strata, a 
4:'ompass for detcrminTng Hie cardinal points 
and the ti-end of strike, a steel chisel for dress- 
Tng or bdrYng roeks, a small magnet t() deter- 
mine the condition of iron di-e, and a measiirTng 
tape. 



36 
GEOGRAPHY. 



Case of Drawing Tools. 

Drawing Tools. — To make maps of lo€ali- 
ties visited tor Mie purpose oi study, is very 
essential. At sueli times as tlie Student may 
wisli to review w^bat he saw and learned while 
upon a tenting trip, tliese maps are all import- 
ant. They serve to point oiit wiUi precision 
yie exaet spot of encampment, of an action in 
a battle, of the location of Uie residence of a 
distinguTslied individual, of tiie site and plan 
ot a village, or a city, or a hill, or a mountain, 
of the relation of the ocean to the shore, of tlie 
course of streams, of tlie direction of roads, of 
tiie location of lakes and ponds, and of their 
environ. To construct sueli a map, ene 
must have wTtli liTm tlie tools necessary to 
draw wTtli, and tlie paper upon wbieli tlie 



37 



drawing is to be made. The ease of drawing 
tools, used in tlie Academy, is pe€uliarly well 
adapted to this business ; and, ordinary bristol 
board answers very well, for tlie groiind-work 
of a map. * 

Maps sliould always be made wTtli great 
■eiire. They slioiild be made lipon a s€ale large 
enough to represent boldly tlie piirtieular feat- 
ures whT-eli we intend to map out. A cramped 
or naiTow and illy exeeuted map is a thing of 
ugliness, and of vexation, and only suited to 
mislead. The motto of the Geogi-a]>}ier sliould 
be : A good map, or no map at all. 

When made, a map should be earefully pre- 
served. As a rule, its value Tnereases as it 
grows older. 



QO 




Theodolite. 

Compass. — A Hurveyor's <:'ompass, or a ^e- 
odollte, IS quite TiKlYsj)ensable to A piii'ty mak- 
ing selentTfu- observations, eit^ier ger)o-rjij)^m- 
or geologi^:'. Of ^le two, a tlieoddllte is better. 
Wifeh it, one may take, not only the distance 
of remote and ina^'cessible objects, the bearings 
and t^ie dimensions of areas to be mapped ; 
but, he may also take tlie inclinations of 
mo^mtain sides, and of plains. And wiUijt, 



39 

he may ascertain tiie heights of inaccessible 
motintam peaks, of elTflfs and crags. 




Compass. 

One yieodolite answers for the whole party. 
Bilt, to hastily ascertain tlie cardinal points, 
when time is too prccions to allow of unpack- 
ing the cumbersome tlieodollte, a small pocket 
compass answers very well. Witli one of 
these, every Student should be provided. The 
cost of the pocket compass need not be mueli 
—25 to 50 cts. 




Aneroid Barometer. 



40 

Barometer. — To ascertain the heights of 
hills and mountains is often very important. 
When covered with trees, or busiies, unless 
some signal object that is elearly visible to a 
great distance be establislied iipon tlie eleva- 
tion, tills €annot be done with the theodolite. 
In sueh €ases, tlie barometer is the mstriiment 
to be iised. 

The mountain barometer, now in use, is a 
tiling of perfeetion. It is so nicely adjusted 
tliat measurements of a hundredth, or even of 
a thousandth of an in eh, are taken. But, 
owing to the length of the instrument (about 
3 feet) and to its weight, it is very cumber- 
some. Beside, being €oiistru€ted mainly of 
glass, it ig very breakable. 

To ascertain approximately the altitnde ot 
elevations, the Aneroid Barometer is now 
mueh in rise. In shape, ^Ts instrument is 
cTr€iilar. In size, it is very convenient. It 
may be made so small as to be carried in the 
vest pocket. Usually, it is aboiit ^ree inches 
in diameter, and about an meh and a quarter 
in thickness. ■ It is easily read ; but not with 
til at degree of accuracy witli whieli tlie Moun- 
tain Barometer is read. Nor is this instru- 



41 



ment so reliable as tlie Mountain Barometer. 
The best of Aneroids, whether new or old, can- 
not be trusted, for accuracy, under any cir- 
cumstances. But, to ascertain an approximate 
altitude, they are handy and answer well. 

When tlie altitude of an elevation is deter- 
mined by an Aneroid Barometer, the record 
should always be made in sueli a wily as to 
show tliat tlie work was done witli this kind 
of insti'ument. Then, any one who has had 
experience wTtli botii Mercurial and Aneroid 
Barometers will not expect tlie figures to ex- 
press anytliTng more tlian an approximation. 




Camera. — To secure i>iiotogra}>iis of rare 
objects and of rare scenery is always desirable. 
This cannot be done wiMicHit ti camera and 
suitable plates. 

The photographic art lias now so far ad-* 



42 



vaiiced tiiat any apt person can, m a few les- 
sons, ]eai:n to arrange Uie camera and expose 
Mie [)lates f oi' taking negatives. 

Besides Mie valne of ihe [>iiotograj>4is foi* 
keeping as siieii, U\ey have tlnother value. 
From the i>liotogTaj>li, engravings €an easily be 
made. These €an ))e used to advantage Tn 
illustratTng magazine artT€les, eliapters Tn 
books, &c., tte. 




The camera ik>vv in use by us is tliat con- 
venient little tJiTno- entitled " The Knockdo^vn 

• — o 

Camera," made and foi' sale by The Blair 
TourogTa]>li and Dry Plate Co., 471 Ti-emont 
Street, Boston, Mass. 

The negatives taken l)y tins -eamera are 
suiall ; but, to engrave from, ^ey do very well. 



43 

For larger ]>hotogra]>hs, a more expensive 
€amera is required. Siieh iire manufa^tiired 
and for sale by ^le same company. 




Thermometer. 

Temperature. — To detei-mtne tiie tempera- 
ture of a pliiee, the difference of temperature 
dependant upon difference of elevation, the 
temperature of springs, &c., a thermometer is 
indispensable. 




Telescope. 



Telescope. — Objects in the distance, so far 



44 



away that the pupil €an only desery them, are 
ever and anon appearing. Distant spires peer 
up, the €urllng smoke of distant workshops 
ascend, mMintain peaks appear enslirouded in 
the distant azure, tlie plymg steamer vanislies 
over the hill of tlie ocean, and tlie top-sail of 
Mie distant sliip seems but a speck upon tlie 
distant horizon. To define tliese, and to de- 
termine their relation to other objects, is an 
exq^^iTsTte delight to every ardent student. In 
this, he finds use for his teles€ope. And, 
sorry is the student who has not one at his 
command. 

The telescope sliould not be so large as to 
be cumbersome, or difficult to handle. I have 
seen, among oiir students, many small instru- 
ments, bought for a few dimes, tliat have done 
excellent service. To be sure, tiie better the 
instrument, tJie more satisfactory is tlie work 
done by using it. But, it sliould be remem- 
bered, that ^e cost of an instrument is not an 
exjionent of its value. 

An opera glass, for some purposes, in land- 
scape viewing works well. It is, very easy 
to adjust, and very easy to the eyes. 

Ag it IS hardly possible f oi- every ene to be 



45 

provided wTfeh a large teleseope, Miere is one 
mcHinted upon a tripod whieli always goes with 
us, and is ever ready for use. When objects 
at a great distance are to be viewed, this in- 
strument IS in great req-iiest. Being mounted 
upon a tripod, one €an sit and leifeiirely view, 
wTtiicHit tlie eftort rec|^.iired to hold an instru- 
ment steady m his hands. 

BOTAIS^Y. 

Flora. — The young botanist serves himself 
well, by pro€urTng a good Flora. DUrmg his 
first steps in tliTs line of study, among ^e 
tilings that he wislies to know, is tiie nH^me, 
^e species, the genera, the order and the elass 
of eaeli new plant with whieh he be-eomes a-e- 
quainted. To learn tliese faets, usiially, re- 
quires a Flora. For ^e plants in tliTs latitiide. 
Wood's or Gray's, answers well. If one is go- 
ing tlirough tlie pines of N. J., WTllTs' Ciita- 
logiis Plantarum in IS^ova Caesarea Reperta- 
riim is a desirable €ompani6n, — ene €an hardly 
afford to be wTtliout it. 



46 




Plant Box. 

Plant Box. — To 4'arrv (^loice speelnieiifj, 
aiKJ t() jjresei-ve uew plants in a fresli ^-ondT- 
tion, lintTl a suitjible opportnnity presents for 
disseetmg Miem, the plant box is indispensable. 
Eaeli strident slionld have one. It sliould be 
made of tin, water tight, aboiit twenty Tnelies 
1<^'128'? wTtli ellTpti€ ends, the longer diameter of 
wliT^i s4ioiild be nine Tnelies, the sliorter seven, 
wTth a ddoi- tl^at extends almost from end to 
end. The door sliould eldse tightly, and fasten 
se^'iirely. To eaeh end slionld be fastened a 
tTn IcH))). To tliese loo])s slionld be attiielied" 
tlie ends of a straj) Tn siinli a way tliat the box 
*'an be ^--arrted lipon tlie left side, wdiile tlie 
strajj, by wliTeli Tt ts suspended, passes dvei* 
tiie right slioulder. 

Siie4i a box Ts easily ^-'aiTied, andTn Tt, plants 



47 

may be kept t\'e>4\ and g'ood for analysis, tor 
several days. When placed in Mie lilx, ^ley 
slioiild l)e made m(Hst by sj)rTnklmg- a little 
water over ^lem. 

Sometimes Tii by-plaees, m miii slies, or ii])oii 
mcKintam sides, Avhere ^leie Ts no 'o})pr)rtrinTty 
for analysis or dissection, laie jilanls iii'e f(Hind 
Tn great abundance. From siieJi lo-t-alTtTes 
only, can tiiey be galiiered. Biit, once ga^i- 
ered and carefiiUy packed Tn Uw plant l)o.\, 
^ey may be transported a great many miles, 
if needs l)e, and securely kei)t until cTrciim- 
stances are altogctjier favorable for a tiidro 
exammation. 

Knives foi* r)i2:i?illg. — In secnrTng a plant 
for dissection and analysts, all parts must be 
kept Tntjict. Of a plant, ^le root Ts an essen- 
tial part, and, to tiie botanTst, one from wbTeli 
be learns many lessons. To secure tiie roots 
of a, small ])lant, a large sliiirp ixnuted knife Ts 
a very iiselul tool. It sliould be strong, and 
have a large hitndle. An old but elier knife an- 
swers well. In stdnv jJrmind, a liirge (Hster 
knite Ts very ilseful. 

In every jjirint box, some sncii knife sliould 
be carrTed. 



48 






Microscope. — To examine the tissue of 
plants, tlieir minute organs, &c., &c., miero- 
s€opes are needed. For most purposes, out- 
side of the laboratory, tlie simpler forms of 
this iisef ul maeliine ai'e all that is needed. A 
simple lens does good service. A double lens 
does better. A €ase of three good lenses de- 
fines almost any of the minnte organs well 
enough for tlie student m systematie Botany. 

The tiiree lensed Tnstrument made and sold 
by J. W. Queen & Co., 924 Chestnut St., 
Philadelphia, Pa., is very good. (The several 
nii€ros€opes figured and described m tliTs ar- 
ticle, are manufactiired and for sale by tliis 
firm, J. W. Queen & Co., 924 Chestnut St., 
Philadelphia, Pa. Of tliis fii-m we have 
pureliased optical and otlier instruments for 
over 20 years. During our acquaintance, wS 



49 

have found the members of the firm to be very 
reliable and very a€€ommodating gentlemen.) 




Jointed Micuoscope. 

The Jointed Microscope, tiiat folds to 
€arry in the pocket, is a very serviceable little 
comforter in many a perplexing examination. 
Indeed, it is an invaluable contrivance. It is 
so arranged tliat it holds tlie object between 
the delicate points of a movable pll ars that can 
be fixed by means of a screw at any distance 
from tlie lens tliat may be desired. The ob- 
ject may tlien be viewed at leisiire by diffiise 
light, or the instriiment may be held between 
the eye and a lamp ; or, if needs be, it may be 
held between the eye and tlie sun. 

When not in iise, it slides into a case that 
IS 2.5xlx^ inches. 

This little instrument is even more service- 
able in the study of insects than in tlie stiidy 
of plants. 



50 








Excelsior MiCROscorE. 

The Excelsior Microscope, wYtJi Mnec 

lenses, is a very convenient ^iTng". It Ts easy 
to manage and very efficient ; and tJien it is 
not cumbersome. Having- a movable dissect- 
Tng stand makes it very serviceable, esjjecially 
while nsTng it in tlie field. 

This microscope Ts so constructed Miat when 
not Til vise, Tt folds tog-ethei', and Ts })acked 
away Tn a wooden ^r-iise tliat Ts the exact size of 
that siiowii Tn tiie engravTng. Hence, wTtiioiit 
Tnconvenience, Tt may be safely carrTed Tn tlie 
vest pocket. 



51 




Sf'Hooi, MicnoscopK. 

TheNehooIMiemsconer.vo.x- - - 



when hic>:iKV ],fHivo.> •• . ■■, JJiaeed, 

^iis rs tT- ^ ' '"' '•• '^^' ^^^^'^^ "^^^^^ field 

^^J"^ IS tile instrument. When n.r.l -^ ^ ^ 

^>^tN( -piece and ob ectrv*. Tf — 
" -" lo jou diameters. 



52 




Compound Microscope. 



Coiiipouiid Microscope. — Biit, aided with 
any or all of tliese while in the field, botani€ 
students will meet diftleulties m tiie definition 
of the organs of plants and Tii tlie definition of 
tlieir stru^tiire, tiiat cannot be settled by the 
aid of any mi€ros€ope tliat is usable outside of 
a well organized laboratory. Microscopes of 



63 



high power €an be used only under favorable 
circumstances. In usmg them, Miere must be 
a firm steady table for a rest for tlie instru- 
ment, and a well regulated, soft, steady light. 
To have these conveniences, while upon a tent- 
ing tour, is im]jossible. Hence, the -compli- 
cated forms of microscope must be left at 
home ; and, what difficulties cannot be over- 
come Til the field, with the simpler forms, must 
be carefully preserved and transported to the 
well equipped laboratory. 




Drying Case. 

Drying* Case, — The drymg case, u§ed by 



54 

cRir stndent.s, eon.sists of two pieces of sieve, so 
fastened too-eyier bv means of two straps tiiat 
they may be €0 aptated, or spread wide open, at 
will. The sieves are ab(Hit 12x18 iiiehes. The 
meslies in ^le sieve are abcHit J of an Tneh 
square. The strai)s lire jibmit ^ of an Tiieli 
wide, and are armed wttJi buckles, so ^lat ^le 
sieves €an be brought tightly tc)gether and 
made se€ure. They are arranged near llie ends 
of the sieves. 

Between tiiese sieves are arranged several 
slieets of €leaii bTl)ulous paper. Two or tliree 
quires are not too miieii. It niiist be perfectly 
dry, and entirely five from inotli and milder*. 
Paper tliat has l)een once vised, mnst be made 
perfectly dry and ^-lean before nsing again. 
A ])iece of i)aper slightly niTldew^ed will ruin 
tiie ehoicest jjlaut. Dryness and cleanliness 
are tiie elements of su4;-cess Tn Mie iise of a dry- 
ing 4:'ase. If tlie nil* Ts a little moist, it is well 
to ]nit tlie ])aiJer Into an oven and bake Tt 
tlioi'oughlv l)efr)i\' usTiio-. 

While Tn felie Held, a plant tliat is to be pre- 
jjared for t=lie hr'rbartum, may l)e spread oiit 
upon a slieet of l)Tbrilous paper, trlie organs 
neatly arianged so tliat when dry they will 



present ^e appearance they should m the her- 
barmni, and ^en neatly €6yered wTtJi another 
sheet of ])aper of tiie same kind. These two 
sheets of paper, wTtli tlie en€'ldsed |)lant, may 
be plaeed in Mie drying ^ase, in siieh a way, 
tiiat SIX or seven slieets of paper are arranged 
smootlily and se^-iirely upon eaeh side. Thiis 
fixed, in ordinary weatJier, wTlli jiroper expo- 
sure, a i)lant will dry and -evire completely 
wTtiiout fartlier attention. I htlve known wir 
students to so arrange and ])erle€tly preserve 
thirty plants in one drying -ease. The plants 
were gatliered and arranged from time to time 
as tliey were going along, and tlien tiiey were 
left witiicHit fartlier attention, (save that tliey 
were -fareful tliat tiie drying case was not 
allo^ved to get wet, and that it was in an airy 
place). Indeed, in respect to tiie ■curing of 
plants, my advice to my stridents is tliat they 
place the plants between a goodly immber of 
sheets of perfectly dry [)aper, press them well, 
keep tliein in an airy dry place and tiien never 
undo tiiem until ready to arrange tliem in tiie 
herbarium. 



56 




Dissecting Tools. 



Dissecting Tools. — WiUioat suitable tools, 
the study of botany is very tedious, very vex- 
atious, and very friiitless. A few herbaceous 
plants, wTHi €oarse flowers, can be partially 
dissected wTUi Hie fingers alone. Biit, all of 
^e more delicate plants require the use of ex- 
quisite tools. 

The dissecting tools sliould be arranged m 
a neat substantial box of a size and sliape con- 
venient for the pocket. Upon tlie witslde of 
eaeh case, m a conspicuous place, siioiild be 
engraved tlie name of tlie owner. In the case, 
are scalpels, tenaculums, forceps, needles, 
scissors, blow tube and jointed hooks. 



57 



Knives or Scalpels. 

Knives or Scalpels. — Of tiie tools used Tn 

dTsseetmg plants, a sliarp knife of suitable 
shape IS the first Tn request. The knife that 
suits me best, is the common scalpel, used by 
medical students Tn the study of practTcal 
anatomy. The sliape of tiie blade Ts suitable. 
The shape of ^e handle Ts suitable. The 
qualTty of .the metal Ts suitable. It bears a 
fine edge, keeps sharp well, Ts easTly cleaned, 
Ts light to handle, and Ts very sightly. The 
blade Ts so pointed that Tt Ts very useful Tn 
pTckTng apart tlie fTlaments and stTgmas of 
flowers, the tiirnTng over of the sepals and 
petals of flo^vers, tlie separatTng of adherent 
tTssiies, &c., &c. Besides, the smooth flat end 
of the handle Ts usable for many purposes. 
Wi^ Tt, wTthfxit bruisTng tlie alburnum or 
liber, the bark Ts easTly separated from the 
wood, tlie tuiiTcs of bulbs are easily ^^ealed oflP, 
^e parts of hesperida readUy separated, &c., &c. 

C2 



58 

Of knives, there should not be less than four. 
Not ilnfrequently, by an a€c!dent, a knife is 
dulled. To work witli a dull knife is likely to 
prodnce bad results. To siiarpen a knife while 
dissec'ting a plant, is likely to prove a detri- 
ment by loss of time and the diversion of at- 
tention. If a siiit of knives are at hand, mthe 
«ase one becomes dull, it may l)e exeiianged 
for another, wTth(Hit delay or in€onvenienee. 

The knives should not be all of one sliiipe, 
nor all of ene size. The blades of some sliould 
be broad, wTth ])oints iiot too a€-ute ; tiiose of 
some sliould be very narrow wTtJi acuminate 
IJoints. One, at least, should be edg-ed on both 
sides. And, for ^^-uttTng sueli things as re- 
quire great strengtJi, and for separating su-eh 
parts as require some force, and sometimes 
some prying, as in tJie case of tJie splitting of 
branelies, S:v., Arc, a strong knife, made by 
forming a blade upon a solTd ])ieee of steel, is 
very useful. 

To dTssect a plant whose organs lire large, 
sueh as tlie Arisaema trTi)]iyllum, LTlTiim sii- 
j)erbum, or tlie ( Tdy-eantlius tloridiis, a knife 
wTtii a broad blade Is convenient. But, to 
dissect a small plant, sudi as tiie Yeronica 



59 

oft'TcTnallTs, Hoiistonia c-oenilea, oi- llie Phlox 
subiilata, a tiny l)la(le is l)etter adapted. In- 
deed, ill the 4'iXse of very small plants, it is not 
easy to get a blade siiiall eiioiigh. 




Dissecting Needles. 

Needles, — To dissect a plant, knives alone 
are not snffTcient. The parts of the organs of 
many small plants are more easily viewed when 
picked" apiirt. I'o pick tiiese minute structures 
apiirt, needles iire well Tidapted. 

J n order liiat a needle may be easily handled, 
as a disse-etTng tool, Tt may be fixed into a 
small ivHind j)iece of Avood, about two iii^es 
long. To fix it intx) Mie wood, ^e needle 
should be clamped into a vice, in sueli a way 
that tJie eye-end ]3roje-ets. Upon this eye-end, 
place yie end of tlie stick tliat is to serve as 
tile handle. Then, witii gentle blows of a light 
hammer, drive the wood upon tiie needle until 
the needle has entered the wood, at tiie least, 
hjilf of its lengtrli. So fixed, a needle is a very 
nseliil tool in tJie dissection of plants. 

As tiie structure of organs vary in degTce 



60 

of fineness, and as more force is required in 
picking apart some of tJiese structures, it is 
well to have needles of diiferent sizes. For 
tiie coarser sti'iictures a needle 'No. 2 is suit- 
able. For the finest struetiires No. 10 is 
suitable. For medium striietiires ^o. 5 an- 
swers very well. 




Forceps. 

Forceps. — To hold and to handle many of 
the tiny parts of plants, forceps are needed. 
These sliould be strong, and so made ^at, 
when not m use, tlie blades spring apart. 

Of forceps, there sliould be two paii's. Of 
&ese, one sliould have very sliarp points, for 
picking lip and handling very small objects. 
The other should have broad blades that are 
even upon tlie terminating edge, for firmly 
holding delicate structures while viewing 
them, or while paring them wifeh a knife. 

Great care should always be taken m select- 
ing forceps. Those wiMi siiiirp points sliould 
be very smooth upon tlie coaptatmg surface; 
and yie points sliould come together with the 



61 

utmost precision. Those with broad blades 
should be perfectly level and smootli upon their 
eoaptatiijg surface, should be aeeurately level 
upon tlie free surface, and sliould eoaptSte 
with the utmost nicety. Forceps that do not 
possess these qualities are very vexatious, and 
are the cause of very many disappointments. 



Blow Tube. 

Blow Tube. — Sometimes while dissecting, 
a hooded corolla will become wilted and flacid, 
or collapsed. To distend it, a convenient 
thing IS a small tube, by means of which air 
can be blown into it. 

The blow tube should be conical, very small, 
not larger tlian a number 10 needle at the 
lesser end, about six inches long, and made of 
silver. 




Scissors. 
Scissors, — For clipping fine textures, a paii' 



62 

of scissors IS very eft'TcTent. They should be 
shiirp pointed, and kept m ])erf e€t order. 

Tenaculum. — A ten;u-riluni Ts a fisetnl 
yiTng to tear ofi* t^ie mitside skin 51" snioo^i 
tough friiits, to ])Tek and tear apiirt leathery 
tissues, to hook into, and lift oiit of sj)eclmen 
jiirs, objects to be exaniTned, cVre., cte. 




Jointed Tenacula. 

Jointed Tenacula. — T«) hold obje*-ts fast up- 
on felie dTsse^ttng board, a doul)le tenaculum Ts 
very useful. The doul)le tena^Tiluni is an in- 
strument made by joining two hooks by means 
of a rivet, in siie^i a Avay as t<> form a hinge. 
I'his double hook is very -eonvenTent for fast- 
ening 6bje€ts to the dTsse^ting Ijoard while 
disseeting ; or, for holding bjick a ])ieee of 
seml-detaelied tissue, to give a better (^Kinee 
to vifHv and disse<:-t. 

Dissecting Board. — T<) flTsse4--t m tiie Held, a 
board tliat will make Ji kind of table lipon the 
lap Is very ^'onvenient. This board sliould be 
12 mehes wide and 20 Inehes long. Near the 
center, near one end, It should be perforated 



63 

by two holes, a half an ineh m diameter, and 
aboiit four mehes apart. Opposite to fehese, 
in the direction of the lengtli of tiie board, and 
abwit eight Tn^es off, sliould be two othei' 
holes, of tlie same dimensions. Thro tliese 
holes, strings may ]3ass, to fasten seeiirely to 
the dissecting board whatever object Ts so ir- 
regular m shape, or so slippery, as to require 
some means of attaehment. 




Specimen Jaus. 

Specimen Jars. — Fdr'i)res'erving in a pliimp 
form, tlie roots, lizomes, conns, bull)s, fruits 
and tlie more important piirts of succulent 
plants, it Ts necessary to have specimen jars 
filled wTtli some preserving HuTd. The jars 
should have wide moii^is and ground glass 



64 

st5ppers. They should vary in size, from ene 
holding two quarts, to ©ne holding an ounce. 
Of ^e largest size, it is not necessary, as a 
rule, to have more than two ; but^ of tlie Tnter- 
medi ate and smaller sizes, many are always in 
request. 

The preserving liquTd may be dilHte alcohol, 
vinegar, vinegar and alcohol, a solution of 
ehloral hydrate, syriip, or glycerine, as the na- 
tnre of Mie substance to be preserved requires. 
For most purposes, dlliite alcohol answers 
well. Where ^e color is not objectionable, 
vinegar often answers a good purpose. More 
frequently, the larger plant specimens are well 
preserved in equal parts of vine gar and dilute 
alcohol. Some very delicate parts of succii- 
lent plants that do not keep well in vine gar or 
in dilute alcohol, are kept in good condition 
when immersed m syriip, or m glycerine. 
Many frmts can be preserved m a soliition of 
ehloral hydrate. . The soliition m3y be made 
by dissolving an ounce of ehloral hydrate m a 
pint of water. Often times a soliition that is 
not half so ri-eh in ehloral hydrate answers bet- 
ter. For insects, ene jar should contain a 
liquid made by dissolving 10 gr, of arcenious 



65 

acid m a pint of aleohol. Into tins liquid the 
Tnse€t should be immersed as soon as caught, 
and left a while. 

To seeure against breakage, great €are must 
always be taken to keep Hie specimen jars 
nicely packed. They sliould be arranged in a 
box, or eliest, wTUi suitable partitions, and 
surro-unded with an abundance of saw dust or 
other packing equally as good. By good and 
zealous students, the loss of nicely prepared 
specimens is not sustained without mueh grief. 

ZOOLOGY. 

Guns. — To prosecute ^e study of Zoology, 
animals must be secured. To secure animals, 
suitable implements must be used. Of these 
implements, a gun stands first in importance. 
To be used by the zoologist, of guns tliere are 
two kinds, tlie sliot gun and the rifle. 

The sliot gun sliould be one tliat carries fine 
sliot well, and one that has considerable of 
range. The shot sliould always be ag fine as 
circumstances will allow. An animal badly 
mangled by sliooting, is a poor specimen for 
dissecting. Ho^vever, where tlie animal to be 
secured is large, or, is so sliy that one hag to 



66 

f^oot a great distance, coarser shot mvist be 
used. 

In many -eases, Mie animal to be se^-iired is 
very sby and too large to be killed wT^i ordT- 
nary shot, as Tn tlie ease of hawks, eagles, deer 
and tlie like. Jn tliese -eases, a rifle is needed. 
Of this gun, ^e bore sliould not be too large. 

Fish Nets. — To seeure fish for study, a suit- 
able net IS very essential. One of fine mesh 
IS best for most ]3urposes. To eateli tlie 
smallest fi&h, sueli as minnows and the yoiing 
of other species, a large meslied net, overlaid 
on tlie Inside with mosquito bars, answers well. 

Hook and Rod. — T<.> seeiire some species, as 
the black bass, trout, &<-., &q., the hook and 
rod answers well. 




Insect Net. 

Insect Net. — To eaptiire Tnseets, a rod armed 
at one end witli a brass hoop, attaehed to 
whieh IS a bag made of fine iiettTiig, strong 
elotli, or grass ek1t4i, Ts very eonvenient. Of 
this implement, for ordinary purposes, the rod 
should be six feet long, and the hoop slioiild 



67 

be about a foot in diameter, and tJie bag of 
netting slioiild be about twenty in44ieg deeji. 
But, tbe beating net, or tiie net vised to cap- 
ture insects by beating l)nslies and herbage 
should l)e made stouter. It siiould have a 
handle about tliree feet long, Mie bag sJiould 
be shallow, and it sliould be made of strong 
€lot}i. 




The Water Net. 

The Water Net, lised to capture aquatic in- 
sects should have a siiallow bag made of grass 
clotli, or else of strong miUinet. 

Killers. — To kTll insects, a wide nicHitlied 
bottle, at the bottom of whTe^i Ts a little cotton 
satnrated wTtli f^iloroforni, et4ier, benzine or 
ere osote, Is well adapted. The cotton slionld 
be covered wTtJi papr'r to jn'event the insect 
from becoming entangled in tlie woody tTssHe. 
If ci'e osote Ts vised, the cotton Ts not necessary. 
A te-Nv drops of creosote, smeared over the bot- 
tom of tiie bottle, Ts all ^at Ts required. In- 



68 

deed, a bottle prepared with creosote m this 
way answers well as a eateher, as well as a 
killer. The wide month may be turned over 
the Tnseet, and as it ascends into the bottle, 
the stopper may be introduced until tlie crea- 
ture IS dead. 

A small bit of PotassTe cyanide, placed in a 
bottle and covered witli cotton, makes a good 
killer. Liirge specimens may be killed by 
piercing Miem with a pm eharged with oxalic 
acid. 

Since insects often escape while attempting 
to remove them from the net, it is better to 
kill ^em before attempting their removal. To 
do ^is, plunge tliat piii-t of tlie net in whieh 
the insects are, into the killTng bottle, place in 
the stopper as well as can be, and await the 
results. The work of death goes on rapidly. 




Insect Box. 

Insect Box. — Some delicate insects, if left tn 



69 

the preserving liquid, would be ruined by the 
splashing of tlie fluid, €aused by the movement 
of the vehicle. So, to preserve tliem from in- 
jury while traveling, a small box, say 3x8x1 J 
inehes, lined wiMi €ork, is very convenient. 
An insect tliat is to be preserved for the cab- 
inet, may be removed from tlie curing liquid 
in the specimen jar, pierced with a pin, and 
^en securely fixed in the insect box by forcing 
the point of tlie pin into the cork. In this 
situation it is safe from injury, insects and 
decay. 

Boxes for Shells. — For carrying shells, cigar 
boxes answer. But, often larger and stronger 
boxes answer better. Before putting in tlie 
box, eaeh sliell sliould be labelled and folded 
m paper. 

GEOLOGy. 

To prosecute Ae study of Geology, tlie field 
student needs the tools described under tlie 
following heads : 




Hammer. 
Hamiuer. — The hammer is as indispensable 



70 



to the geolog'ist, as it is to Ae stone mJlson. 
To lireak rocks, to get specimens or minerals, 
a hammer weighing jibmit a pmmd and a half 
answei-s Avell. Jt ,siioiild be made witli sliarp 
sc[nare edges, wTt^i its wTdl-li extending in the 
direction of t^ie handk^. I'he eye .slionld be 
laru'c Tn divk^'r tiiat tiie handle may he strono-. 

1\) break liirge rocks, a sledge of 10 pounds 
weiglit Ts sometimes required. Wlien the 
rocks t() l)e studied iire Tn great ledges, tiie 
means for 1)1 a sting iire sometimes re((iiired. 

T() ti'Tni s])ecimens, ii hammer weighing 
about SIX (Hinces is suitable. Of tliis hammer, 
the faces and edges slionld be very triie. 

To get fossils, a hammer sJiaped as tliose of 
stone gutters iire, is well adapted. It i^liould 
weigh abfHit four pcHinds. 




Steel Chisel. 

Steel Chisel. — Foi- gettiiig fossils, a steel 
eJiisel, su-(4i as is lised bv stone ■cutters, is 



needed. For ordinary pui'poses, it sliould be 
alxHil six inelies long, witli an edge alxHit an 
ineli wide. For working out very small speci- 



71 

mens, one not more ^ii1n h^ilt an Ynf^i wide, 
often proves useful. 

Crowbar. — FTm* pryTno- apiirt tlie layers of a 
stratum of roek, tiie -erowl);!!* Ys useful ; — often- 
times it IS indTs|)ensal)le. It s^iouki l)e alimit 
four feet lono-, — at oue end made like a e4iTsel, 
at Ihe other, pointed, and as s^lal•j) as possIl)le. 




Picks. 



Pick. — TliTs Instrument Ts Tn _i;reat recpiest 
wliei'ever stratified rock Ts to be examTni'd, and 
wherever hoidders are to he uneart4ie(t.. 




(/'LINOMETKK. 



Clinometer. — 'Vn aseertain tlie dtj) of roek, 
^18 Ts a, nseful tliTng-. It may be made by 



72 

describing a seml-circle upon a board abo^it 
20 mehes long and a foot wide, and then di- 
viding the semI-cTr€le into degrees. The 
board must be a right angled parallelogram, 
and ^e diameter of tlie seml-circle miist be 
parallel to the sides. Thro a small hole at 
the point about whi^ tlie cTrele was described 
mSy be extended a string attached to a 
plummet. 

When 111 use, tlie side is applied to the sur- 
face of a dipping rock, and ^le degrees of In- 
clination read by examTning the position of 
the plummet upon tlie graduated seml-cTrcle. 

Thus made, tins board is a very cheap, and 
a very efficient clinometer. Biit, iipon a tent- 
ing tour, It serves other purposes as well. It 
IS tlie proper size and tlie proper sliilpe for a 
dissecting board. And, as students of Geology 
are sometimes students of Zoology, tlie little 
board serves a two fold purpose. Besides, I 
frequently see the little board m use as a writ- 
ing table, and as a drawing stand. 

Compass. — To ascertain tlie direction of the 
dip of strata, and the direction of tlie strike of 
strata, as well as tlie cardinal points of places, 
^le Compass i§ needed. For this purpose, a 



75 

good pocket €ompass answers well. (See Com- 
pass above.) 

The clinometer with magnetTc needle at- 
taelied, described upon page 356 of Dana's 
New Text Book of Geology, is a very com- 
plete tiling. AVTili MiTs instrument, botli Mie 
strike and the dip of strata are determined at 
the same time. 




Magnet. 

Magnet. — T() aseertain tlie kind and quality 
of metal in an ore, tlie magnet is Hseful. One 
so small tliat it can be carried in tlie vest 
pocket, answers well. Even a good knife- 
lilade, well magnetized, answers all ordinary 
purposes. 




Measuring! Tape. 



Measuring Tape. — An accurate measure- 
ment of objects and of places is often very im- 



74 

portant. In sut^i €ases, the measuring tajje is 
very convenient. When acenracv is unimport- 
ant, the approximate distance may betaken by 
pac'Tng-, or hy tlie wTdtli of tiie liand, di" tiie 
leng-yi of tiie iirm. 

Specimens. — Wlien specimens of rock are 
eolle^^-ted, tiiey s4iould be dressed to a uniform 
size Jind sJiape as nearly as possI])k^. In most 
•eabmets, tiie specimens are alxHit four Tnehes 
long, tJire(^ Tneiies wide, and an Tuf^i tliTck. 
This IS a size tliat has ])een fcHind very €'on- 
venient. Brit, it sometimes happens liiat, ow- 
ing to tiie pe€uliarTty of tiie rock, its fragility, 
&c., &c., Tt IS not possible to di-ess tJie speci- 
mens to t^iTs size. Then, whatever size is 
praeti€al must be adopted. 

The edges of specimens siiould be straight, 
tile -eorners squai'e, and all parts of Tt as free 
from hammer marks as possible. W^hen con- 
venient, tiie specimen slionld be so dressed as 
to s4iow, lipon one side, a weatliered surface. 

Fossils, when pi-actTcal, slioald be dressed 
(Kit and separated fi'om tiie I'ock Tn whieJi tiiey 
iire fmind. 4"'liYs is done by means of a ham- 
mer and sliiir}j eliTsel. To secure a perfect 
specimen, a steady hand to direct the eiiisel, a 



75 ■ 

eareful l^low wi^i ^le hammer, and a watelifnl 
eye iire required. 

Sometimes it is l)etter not to rem()ve the 
fossil from Mie rock Tn whieli it is found. In 
this ease, witii ^^are, tlie rock slioukl be dressed 
off iintil tiie fossil stands attaelied to tlie ma- 
trix, only l\v a pedicel. 

In fragile I'ocks, it is so often hazardous to 
attempt to dress (Hit a fossil. In tliat ^ase, 
that portion of tlie rock that -t-ontains the fossil 
slioiild be secured and handled wTtli €-are. 

Labeling. — Every specimen, whetlier rock or 
fossil, slioiild, at once, be -eai'efully fdkled up 
Tn several thicknesses of paper and carefully 
labeled. Of labels there sliould l)e two, — ©ne 
enclosed with the specimen, tlie other sliould 
be cemented to tlie wrapper. The label should 
sliow to what kind of rock tlie specimen be- 
longs, to what geologic formation it belongs, 
at what site it was pro^-iired, when it was pro- 
cured, and by whom it was procured. Speci- 
mens tliat iire not well labeled are of ITttle 
wortli. The history of a specimen makes it 
valuable. A specimen that has not a history 
IS but ITttle more tlian a common stone. 

Cement. — For attaehTng labels to rocks, 



76 

wood, &;c., &c., I have not ficHind anytliing 
better than tiiat cement tiiat is made bj t^ie 
following formula : 

Stareli, 2 dr. 

White Sugar, 2 oz. 

(Tum ArabK', 2 oz. 

Water enou^ to make a solTlti(')n not quite 
as tliick as €ream. 

Dissolve tlie giira araln-e, add tlie sngar and 
stareh and boil till Mie stiireh is -eooked. 

This cement was re-eommended to me bv 
Mr. F. C. Hill, tlie a-c^f-omplTslied and obliging 
curator of tlie Geologic Museum of tlie ISTe^" 
Jersey College at Princeton, ]!*^. »! . 

To i)revent fermentation, 1 sometimes drop 
Tnt() it a piece of ehloral hydrate as big as a 
hazlenut, or a few drops of ^arbolT*; acid. The 
€arbolT€' actd has tlie .further advantage of re- 
pelling Tnseets^from eatmg it after it has been 
used for cementing purposes. 

To mend l)rdken specimens of rocks or fos- 
sils, this cement is very valuable. For attaeli- 
ing plants to paper, it is equally valuable. In 
f a€t, it IS of sueli general applanation, that a 
bottle of it sliould always form a piirt of t^ie 
outfit for the tenting toiir. 



77 

Packing. — To preserve geologic- s[)ecimens, 
a stout box and a good supply of strong, but 
soft paper are required. Eaeli specimen 
shonld l3e neatly wrapped" in two tliTcknesses 
of €lean paper. ArcHind this shoidd be plaeed 
two or more tiiTcknesses of spongy })iiper to 
secure against brnisTng. The speeiincns 
slioiild tlieii be ^arefnlly arranged in a sfiitable 
box. In €ase the box is not filled entirely 
fill I wTMi tiie speelmens, paper or otiier good 
packing material, slionld be superimposed un- 
til tlie box IS well filled, so as to allo^^ no 
movement of the specimens. Then tiie ltd 
slionld be well se€*nred. 

For tiie want of -cSre in p.acking geologi€ 
specimens, many a day's work has been lost, 
and many a vriluable specimen rumed. 



SYSTEM. 



Dnring a tenting exeursioii, tlie most rTgtd 
economy of time and healtli must be i)ril€tTced. 
To etfeet thTs, every tiling must be rednced to 



78 

system. Every ©ne iniist have his, or her, work 
assigned, and tlie time in whieh it is to be done 
must be fixed. And, Mie work assigned miist 
be done well, and strictly on time. No laxity 
of manners or morals €an be allo^ved ; indul- 
gence inevitably hastens to disorder and ill 
healtli. Teaeliers and stndents may be playful 
and hiimorous ; but industry, dignity and cTr- 
€umspe€ti6n must, at all times, be rigidly 
practiced. 

Eating. — DiirTng a tenting excursion, tlie 
utmost attention must be given to system m 
eating. Almost always, U\e appetite becomes 
voracious. This craving of Mie stomach is 
mdiiced by the extra demand for food jirisTng 
from tlie extra amoiint of ■eonsumption of 
tissiie in performing tlie great amwiiit of work 
botli of body and of mind, assigned to eaeh iii- 
dividrial. Hence, tins demand must be satis- 
fied. A large timount of good, wholesome 
food miist be eaten. Biit, it must be eaten at 
stated times and under proper Tntluences. 

Times for Victualing. — The aim should be 
to eat at six, twelve and seven o'clock. Vict- 
ualing at tiiese htnirs divides tlie day eeonom- 
i€ally, as well for tlie team as for tlie stildent. 



79 

This brings Ijreakfast as early as is practical 
and €onsistent wTMi heal fell ; and supper as late 
as is bearable during" Ae afternoon ; and yet it 
IS as early as Ts €6inf ortable diirTng tlie night. 
Between tliese meals, there must l^e allfH^ed 
no luneliTno- — no ^'runeliTiio- of candies or of 

— o — o — 

€*riickers, of friiit or of sweet meats ; no sipping 
of preserves, or Tee -eream. Siieh breaeh of 
])iiysiologT€ law Ts sure to engender gastrin 
disorder. Then follow headaelie and all tliat 
train of miseries tliat arise from A deranged 
condition of tlie digestive apparatus. 

AV^hile tenting, tlie body sliould be kept in 
perf e€t healfeli ; for tlien, and only tlien, is tlie 
head €lear, and Hie mind fit to sui'vey, and 
contemplate, t^iose tilings wlneh it Ts tlie busi- 
ness of tlie student to study. While tentTng, 
the slightest Tndulgenee Ts sui'e to breed de- 
rangement of some part or parts of Hie system. 
Indeed, Tt does so at all times and any where. 
But, iipon a tentTng ex-eursion, sii-^i derange- 
ment and Tts •eonsequences show more plainly. 
And tiien, too, tlie iiiTserTes -t-onseq-iient u))on 
Trreg uhtiitTes iire less annimng at home. At 
home tiie debaueli €an €raAvl away and suffer 
liTs gastralgTa, or liTs lieadaelie, a ITttle out of 



80 

sight, and a little out of the hearing of sneh as are 
more virtnous ; but, while tenting, the debaueh 
beeotnes an intolerable nuisance. He must be 
wTMi tlie party, — there is no other place for 
him. And, even if he is suft'iciently reserved 
and cir€umspe€t to say noMimg about his 
suiiermg, his hand upon his head, or his list 
upon his stomaeh, or the sad s€owl iipon his 
f ^ce, tells only too })lainly of his misery. Sueh 
a one renders himself a consummate nuisance 
to ^le entire party. HTs miseries have a de- 
pressing influence upon all ; tlieir eifects can- 
not be evaded. Even if his fellow students do 
not have him to nurse, or are not obliged to 
hear his complaints, his distorted visage casts 
a gloom over all. 

Let no one think tliat a little indulgence 
will do no hiirm. A single cracker, a single 
bite of cocoanut, or two pea nuts, eaten l:>e- 
tween breakfast and dinner, is sufficient to 
spoil an afternoon's Tntellection, and engender 
yie most fi'Ightful dreams during tlie night. 

The more active tlie mind, tlie more strict- 
ness in diet is recj-uired. The inactive minded 
can eat from morning till night wTtli biit little 
inconvenience. Witli him, ingestion and di- 



81 

gestion, along wT^i about eleven hcKirs of 
sleep, -t'onstltute nlrndst Uw entire roi^inds of 
life. Indeed, U^e less brain ^le more stoma^i, 
IS ^e rule. And, Miey who appreciate less tiie 
beauties of natiire, appreciate more the lus- 
cioiisness and Havdr of what tliey eat. In- 
deed, abmit all some folks get out of life Ys 
what goes into tlieir stomachs. And, as an 
active minded person enjoys tiie ceaseless sur- 
vey of the obje€ts of nature, so tlie shallow 
minded or brain-degenerate enjoj^' tlie constant 
crunching and swallowing of food. And 3^et, 
for his practice, who €an blame him ? If tliis 
IS all he has a enpacity to cnj(H', why not give 
his undivided attention to ^iTs kind of enjoy- 
ment ? Why not have it so arranged tlmt tlie 
moiitli IS never empty, and the palate is always 
tickled or sgotiied wTtli savors and flavors ? 

Whatever a man has a capacity to enj(H>^, 
that let him enjo^^ Because, he eiin enj(H' only 
yiat for will eh he has a €apacity. It is as im- 
possible for a €'onstant feeder, a brain-degen- 
erate, a stoma<^i-man, to appreciate tlie beail- 
ties of a lands-cape, of a sunset, or of a rainbow ; 
or liie sublimity of lofty mmintains, as it is to 
tUke a ^>hotogra2>h upon a pan-€ake. And 

D2 



82 

why ? For tiiis simple reason : As Uie or- 
ganization of the pan €ake is not snited to retain 
tiie photo graphie impression, even when the 
image is made npon it, so the brain of the 
stoma€h-man is not so organized as to fix, re- 
tain and appreciate tJie impressions of beauti- 
fnl objeets, even if his camera, the eye, is fo- 
€used iipon ^lem. That whieh we €all the 
beantiful does not exist in his world. He 
takes no cognizance of it, — he cannot. He is 
not organized for it. 

In his development, tJiose parts of the brain 
whose office it is to perform the functions 
^lat we call reason, reflection and construetion 
degenerated, while tlidse parts t^iat have to do 
with feeling, witii eatmg and drinking, and 
with tasting and smelling, developed to excess. 
Hence it is tliat "eaf' is ^le business with him. 
And hence it is, eatinor and indolence iire all 
^lat he valTies in life, and all he has a desire to 
attain. 

In reference tc) tliTs subject, this fact sliould 
be kept m vic^w. The type man, the foi-mative 
man, was symmetrical. ISTeitlier his intellect- 
iial, nor his sensiial, faculties predominated. 
Temperate m all things, he appreciated and 



83 

enjcH'ed tiie beautiful, tJie eu}>honi€, Mie fril- 
graut, ^le relTsliful and Mie eupat^hi^. He suf- 
fered, — but to bnn, hYs task was not onerous ; 
be enjfH^ed, — but bis fruition did not engender 
e€'staey. Virtuous, — be met wbjit was before 
bim wTtli fortitude. Brave, — be trmmi>hed in 
everv stru«'o"le for rio-bt. From birfeli till 

Wo o 

deatii, all was satTsfaetory, all was enjcH^able. 

If we tire dTfferent, if <Rir faculties do not 
a€€ord wiHi tliose of typal man, if we are not 
eudemoni€-, tiie fault is ei^er.with ourselves, 
or Avilli oiir ]3arents. If, born avTIIi symmetri- 
cal parts, and wTlli symmetrical faculties, we 
bave neglected to practice ^lose virtues wbieb 
alone can maintain an ecj-uIlTbrlum of tlie bu- 
m^ln system, we bine degenerated by oiir own 
fault. If (xir pjirents, out of a want of virtue, 
bave degenerated in procreation, tiiey bave en- 
tailed tiieir degeneracy u])on us. For tiiis de- 
generacy, we are not responsible. But, we 
sliould ever keep in mind, that while it is not 
easy for tiiose w bo bave lost symmetry, eithei" 
of body or of mind, to ever regain it, it is (j-uite 
easy, by neglect, or vTcioiis practices to make 
tbe unsymmetrTcal degenerate to ^le most ab- 
ject degree consistent wiMi biinian existence. 



84 

Hence, eaeh one should be cTreumspeet, and 
ever active in practTeing whatever of good may 
be allotted to liTm ; hoping that m this way, 
even if he does not so mii^i improve as to 
reaeh tlie average level, he may, at the least, 
maintain, thro life, an average as good as tliat 
with whT^i he began. Beeause, negleetmg 
virtue, he rapidly degenerates and tiie range 
of his enjoyments is lessened. Even the well 
balanced, stooping to tlie vices of intemper- 
ance, irregular -and immoderate eating, the 
use of aleohol, tea, eofiee, toba€€o and kindred 
things, soon develops a morbid condition of 
the digestive apparatus. Hypertro}>liy, or 
atrophy of the stomaeh and bowels follows, 
while tlie brain loses its symmetry. DiirTng 
this retrograde metamorpliosTs, those parts of 
the brain, the action of whieh have to do with 
vTrtiie, for a want of exercise, begin atro]>hy, 
while those parts that sriperintend the sensvial 
faeulties, being over exercised, begin hyper- 
trophy. In this way, he who was a brain man 
degenerates into a stomaeh man. 

In the ease of the stomaeli man, his intel- 
leetion is mainly reflex. He has not tlie €a- 
pacity for reason, reflection or construetion. 



85 

When he looks lipon an obje€t, if it is suited to 
his €apacity, it does not start in him a train of 
tliong-ht that leads him to a contemplation of 
Mie Ant-lior, and its adaptation to Tts place in 
tiie economy of the fmi verse ; bnt, on the con- 
trary, Tt directly awakens his appetite and he 
prepares t() eat. He does not'consider whetlier 
it IS prudent for him to eaf , or whether Tt is a 
siiitable time for him to eat. In case Tt Ts a 
luscious fruit, Tt brTngs tlie water to hTs 
moutrh ; and in case Tt Ts not fj-iiite wTt4iTn hTs 
reaeh, hTs eye begTns to sparkle and hTs linder 
jaw begTns to maneiiver ere tlie ol:)ject Ts wTth- 
Tn hTs grasp. 

^ow, there Ts no Tise for theconstTtuents of tliTs 
eat-lovTng class to go tentTng. Sueh had bet- 
ter go into a raspberry pateli, a peaeli or-eliard, 
a bake sliop, or an oyster saloon ; somewhere 
where there Ts plenty t() eat, and tliat plenty 
always ready to be eaten; and whei'e Hiere Ts 
notJiTng to lead tliein to HiTnk. Sii-eli men iire 
made mTserable Tf compelled to tliTnk. It Ts 
not Tn tlieir line of business ; they are not used 
to Tt, and Tt hurts tliein. In fact, Tf sueh men 
want to tliTnk, that Ts, Tf they wTsh to follow 
o^t some train of reasoning as men do who 



86 

live vTrtuously, Miey €an not do it. Tliey 
have not the organization to do it. Before 
siieh men €an enj(H' tiie capacity to tiiTnk, tiiey 
have to hi} transformed l)y tJie observance of tiie 
most rigid dletetie laws. Even to think in a 
feeble way, montlis, and years, of tlie most 
rigid observance of tlie laws of diet are req4nr- 
ed to bring aboiit tlie recj-iiisTte transformation 
of brain and digestive apparatus. Indeed, be- 
tween Mie reflex man, t^ie stomaeh man, and 
tlie i'efle€tTve man, tlie brain man, tliere is a 
great, a wide expanse, so bestrcMai with prda- 
ttible tilings, and attraetive attire, and Tndnce- 
ments to Idleness and indolence, tliat tlie reflex 
man almost never €i'osses over to tlie I'efle-ctive. 
So near impossible is Tt for tlie reflex person 
to pass over to ^le reflective, for tlie stomaeh 
man to be transformed into tlie brain man, that 1 
have thought a more fruitless endeavor cannot 
be made tlian the attempt to elevate, by edu- 
cation, a reflex, an all-eat and an all-play, a 
stomaeli pupil, to tlie grade of ;i reflective, a 
brain pupil. In my experience in teaeliTng, 
extending ovei- a space of 25 years, every en- 
deavor, althd I have made many, has proven 
abortive. 



87 

In proportion as ^e reflective student in- 
dulges in tiie practices peculiar to the reflex 
person, in tiiat proportion he cultivates stomaeh 
development and stomaeli derangement, de- 
bauelies Mie entire economy of his system and 
induces tiiose stupid phases of life -eharacter- 
istTc of ^le vicious, and descends towards Mie 
stomach man. Let every one beware. There 
is no midway. Between virtue and vice there 
IS no gradation. When one ceases to practice 
those virtues characteristic of tlie type man, 
he at ©nee descends to ^le vicious, the degen- 
erate man. However, of the vicious, of de- 
generate men, tiiere are many grades. 

Division of Labor. — Each student must hrive 
assigned to him the part of the work tiiat he 
IS expected to perform. The work of caring 
for the team, of aiding in preparing for victu- 
aling, of loading and unloading tlie vehicle, of 
putting up and taking do^vn tlie tents, &c., 
&c., must be nicely apportioned. T() cai'ry 
out tlie piirt assigned, in time and in proper 
order, miist be regarded a bsoliite. The fiiiliire 
of one strident deranges the work of all, and 
inevitably causes delays and disappointments. 
So, indolence, or disobedience, cannot be toler- 



88 

ated. If there be a student ^at wilfully doeg 
not perform his part well, it is better, at ence, 
to label him properly and put him aboard tiie 
€ars and ship him home. Sueh a student is 
too grave a nuisance to be tolerated upon a 
tenting excursion. HTs failures soon €ompro- 
mise ^e welfare of all. 

Clothing. — The elothmg worn while tenting 
should not be too expensive, nor too sliowy. 
Plain substantial elothmg answers best. There 
sliould be enough of it ; and yet, not many 
ehanges are needed. Students while tenting 
iire not expected to be on dress parade. Those 
who see them, expert them to be dressed for 
work. Any tiling tliat a student fears to have 
soiled, had better be left at home. Sometimes 
mines are to l)e entered, and the dripping 
water is not always €lean. Sometimes €opses 
are to Ije traversed, and tiie buslies iire hard 
upon tliiii suits. Sometimes marslies are to be 
examined, and tlie mud is liable to spot and 
soil. Sometimes Mie rocky es€arpments of 
hills and mwintams are to be climbed, and Mie 
rocks, stones and dirt wear hard on fine ma- 
terial. Sometimes foundries are to be visited, 
and the flying sparks of molten metal c|uTckly 



89 

burn into tiie €'lot4iing worn by ^e visitor. 
Sometimes the slate factory, or the stone plan- 
ing mill, IS to be examined, and the splaslimg 
spray tliat somtimes almost fills tlie room, is 
not entirely elean. 

To be sure, Mie dress worn when drnng siieh 
work, need not be tiie same as tlie one worn 
when surveying Long Braneli, or tlie Central 
Park. Yet, at almost all times, the tenting 
student had better be so dressert Muit he Ts 
ready for emergencies. 

Shoes. — The slioes worn while tenting de- 
mand especial attention. Mueli walking must 
always be done. Hence, good easy sJioes are 
very essential. Those made of ealf skin, witli 
wide bottoms, and substantial soles, are tlie 
best to walk in, — especially when tlie groi^ind 
IS uneven, or tlie surface Ts stony. To wear 
when it IS wet, or when visiting Avet places, 
for botani€ purposes, ii pair of rubber l:)Oots 
are excellent. 

'No student sliould start from home witli an 
unbroken pair of new siioes. In so doing, 
there are too many liabilities to sore feet fi'om 
rubbing. And, a sore foot while tenting, next 
to an irregular eater, Ts Mie w^orst pest ^at 



90 

€an aifliet a party. The aim sliould be to keep 
the feet dry and comfortable. For, unless tiie 
feet are kept right, tiie head will be wrong. 
Cramped, pTnelied feet, and an aeliTng head, 
wet feet and a sore tlirdat, €old feet and a 
ehilly back, usually go together. Just one 
student, sulfering eitiier of tliese maladies, is 
enough to mar the spirits of ^e whole party. 

In €ool, or, in eliangeable weatiier, overcoats 
and shawls are essential. Eaeh one sliould be 
provided witii suitable extras, (comfort and 
prote-etion sliould never be lost sight of. 

Early Rising is essential to succ-ess as well 
Avhile tenting as Avhile prosecfitTng any o^ier 
bran-eh of business. An hour before ten 
o'clock, A. M., to tiie stiident, is wortli any 
two hours after tiiat time. In tlie morning 
the mind is clear, Mie system refreslied and 
vigorous, the air saliibrTous and tlie rays of 
the siin more invigorating. The morning is 
the time for tlie stiident, — whetlier tenting or 
at home. Indeed, it is tlie time for anybody 
tliat Avishes to live above pauperTsm. 

Retiring. — In order that stfldents may rise 
early, it is important that they siiould retire 
early. In summer, it is well for the tenter to 



91 

retire as soon as ^le sliades of night have fully 
fallen. 

Punctliality, tn fine, in every appointment, 
IS ^le element tliat makes the tenting student 
agreeable and ]3opular, and insures su€cess. 



I\ 



THE TENTING SCHOOL. 



TRIP TO PICKLE'S MOUNTAIN. 



'^riie weary marTiKM- wendmg his watery wily 
to ^le port of 'Ne-w Y5rk, anxiously surveys 
liie western horizon. Eveuino; advances and 

— o » — 

tile shades of night lower ; Tind as he makes 
hTs last ol:)servati6n of liie western prospect, at 
the utmost limit of vision, the sky and deean 
seem to meet. I^ot a mountain or tower is 
seen to relieve tiie dreary sameness of tlie Tii- 
terniTnable plain. 

The morntng dawns. Anxiously he s^-ans 
tlie western horizon. Far away in Mie dim 
matin azure upon tlie very confines of tiie 
dreary plain, he des^-rles an object lighted up 
by the red of morning. As he gazes, the ob- 
ject brightens. And, as tlie gray of moriiTng 
merges into tiie light of day, t^ie lands-feiXpe is 



94 

relieved of its tiresome sameness by the ap- 
pearance of a single geogTa|>iiT€ form. With 
his glass, he more closely seans the new ap- 
parition. Its witlines jire bold ; its form is 
gracelul ; from a base it rises like a ■t'one ; it is 
covered wTtii forest; it is Pickle's Mountain, — 
tJie first land visible to the mariner as he ap- 
prda-e4ies 'New York Harlxjr. 

Where tlie merTdian of 74^ 47' west of 
GreenwTeii crosses tJie parallel of 40*^ 47' nortli 
latitude, rises up tiiat bold eminence known as 
Pickle's Mountain. Alt^io an eminence of 
modest proportions and tame oiitllnes, it makes 
a bold and an attractive figure in the land- 
scape of Central I^ew" Jersey. In altitude, it 
surpasses any other elevation south of tiie 
Musconetcong Mountain. Viewed from any 
piirt of tlie Redshiile Yalley, it is tlie loftiest 
and tiie most graceful eminence in tlie pros- 
pect. It is tiiat part of tiie American Conti- 
nent first seen by tlie mariner as he nears that 
Tnbreaking of tlie Atlantic known as the 
Lower Bay. In Hunterdon County, it is tiie 
eniTnence first lighted lip by the red of morn- 
ing, and the last to shed the glimmering rays 
of tiie setting sun. 



95 




-40 '35' 



Map ok PiCKr,Es Mountain. 



1. Barley Sheaf. 4. White llwise Station. 

2. Stanton. 5. Pleasant Kun. . 

3. Serabbleto^vn. G. White Ilcnise. 



96 

Pickle's Mountain is not an isolated emi- 
nence. It IS one — tlie loftiest and the most 
easterly, of Hie tliree eminences tliat rise from 
an irregular -t-rescentie swell known as Long 
KTdge. This ridge and tlie three eminences 
tliat rise from it are tliiis deseribed m tlie 
Physical Geogi'aphy and Geology of Hunter- 
don and Somerset Counties, published by 
Everett & Co., 1881 : 

To tlie east of tlie table land [of Hunterdon 
( 'O., IST. J.] and separated from tt by tlie Soutli 
Braneli of tlie Karltan KTvei", is an elevation, 
almost crescentT^; in form, tliat rises up ab- 
I'uptly from tlie contiguous plain to tlie height 
in one place, of seven hundred and sixty-seven 
feet. Tins is known as Long Kidge. This 
ridge, altlio •eontinuous, Ts ilsiially described 
as consisting of tliree parts. The most west- 
erly of tliese parts Ts known as Round Moun- 
tain. This Ys an eminence tliat swells up from 
tlie main rTdji'e in a form much resemblTno- a 
sugjir loaf. Its rdtitude above Uie sea level Ts 
five hundred and seventy-five feet. Its slopes 
are gentle, but tlie top and sides of Tt are be- 
strewed wTtli bowlders to sudi an extent tliat 
Tt Ts not tTllable. Hence, tlie most elevated 



97 

part of it IS €6vered witli a ..forest of hard 
wood, and is not mue^i fi*equented. Valueless 
as it is in point of agri€ulture, in tiie landscape 
of tlie nortlieasterii part of Hunterdon County, 
it forms a spot of beauty. Its giaeeful slopes 
and symmetrieal €urves, as viewed fi'om the 
Soiirland RTdge and tlie -eontTguous plain, 
have delighted tlie eyes of many a lover of tlie 
beautiful. Its robe of snowy white in winter, 
ot verdant hue in summer, and its various 
colors Til autumn, lit lip by Mie gleam of morn- 
ing, present to the eyes of tlie lover of nature 
a spe€ta€le always attra€tive, and mu^li 
admired. 

"The norfelieastern part of tlie €reseenti€ ridge 
IS somewhat complicated. It consists of Hiree 
]mrts. The soutliwestern part is broad and 
bold. It has an altltilde of six hundred and 
seventy-five feet. Towards t^ie west its sur- 
face slopes oft gently, and tlie soil is tTllable. 
Towards the east, tlie slope is very steep and 
rocky. It is forest clad. This part is locally 
known as tlie Cnslietono^ MountaTn. 

"The norfelieastern part consists of a sliarp 
ridge wTt^i steep slopes Miat are bestrewed wTtli 
rocks and covered, for the most piirt, wiHi a 



98 

forest of hard wood. Upon Miis ridge are 
several peaks or eminences wliT^ give it ^le 
appeanince of a sierra. Tins part of the ridge 
IS known as Pickle's Mountain. 

Between ^le nortJieastern and Ihe south- 
western parts — liiat Ts, between liie Cnsiietong 
and Pickle's Mo^mtam — Ts a MiYrd part, that 
bears a relation to tlie 6t4ier two portions some- 
what similar to tJie relation that tiie toe of a 
horseslioe bears to tiie ]jarts it serves to €on- 
ne€t. This is tlie most southeasterly part of 
tills mwmtaTn. It Ts also the least elevated and 
^e most accessible. Miieh of Tt Ts arable and 
under good tTllage." 

PTckle's MountaTn Ts a mTnTatiire sierra. Its 
<erest, at Tn-egiilar dTstances, rises upTnto sharp 
emTiiences, gTvTng Tt somewhat tlie appearance, 
when viewed h*om the adjacent plain, of an Tn- 
verted saw. Its slopes are almost equal and 
very stee}). Its «rest Ts sliarp and so nar- 
row Tn many ])laces that tiiere Ts barely room 
for ii pat4i for people walkTng sTngle file. In 
trend, Tt Ts somewhat crescentTc, — tiie crescent 
extendTng almost nortliwest and soutlieast. It 
Ts abmit tliree miles long, and at Tts ciilmen, 



99 

it swells from the plain upon whieh it rests to 
the height of 587 feet. 

This mountain consists of a eore formed of 
yiat peculiar kind of rock loiovvn to geologists 
as tra^hite, and of a sandy or gritty soil tliat 
has resulted from tiie dTsmtegration of the un- 
derlying rock. Upon the ^rest, at various 
points, tiie ^Sre rock may be seen m place. 
Upon tlie surface, or lipon tiiose parts tliat are 
exposed to tiie weatlier, it is white or a dirty 
light gray. It is very fine grained and very 
tough. Under the hammer, it is broken with 
great difficulty, so mueli so tiiat ^iTs rock is 
never dressed for buTlding stone. Yet, under 
€limati€ influences, it readily disintegrates, and 
moulders into a very arable soil. 

The slopes of tliTs mo-untam, in many places, 
are tliTckly bestre^wn with boulders, tiie de- 
nuded fragments of the traehitie €ore rock that 
have not yet entirely yielded to tiie disintegra- 
ting influence of the atmosj^here. In sliape 
these fragments are qaadrilateral. Unlike the 
surface boulders of bassalt, tiiey persistently 
maintain the jingiilar form. Even when iinder 
climatic influences, tliey have been reduced to 
particles, they persist in presentTijg angiilarT- 



100 

ties. Hence, Ihe hiirsli and gritty eliaraeter 
of Mie soil that forms tiie ^rest and slopes of 
this mountain. 

The soil of this elevation is very retentive 
of moisture. As narrow as tiie ridge is, and 
as steep as are its slopes, vegetation upon it 
grows luxariantly and seldomly suffers from 
drought. Dnring tiie severe drought of 
Augiist, September and October of 1881, — tlie 
severest that has S€oiirged chu' county m tlie 
memory of the oldest man, — tlie plants, herbs, 
bushes, shrubs and trees that grew here seemed 
to be less aft'eeted by tJie dry weatiier tlian 
those that grew iipon tJie most favored sites 
upon the neighboring plain. 

The plain around this moiintam is a part of 
tiie basin of the Rarltan. A^eordmgly its 
soil IS a slialy loam. Geologically speaking, 
it IS a soil that results from tiie deeomposTtion 
of the underlying redshale. Its surface is iin- 
dnlating or knolly. In some directions, It 
stretehes away from the base of ^le mountain 
as far as one can see. In otiier directions, it 
IS skirted by gi'aceful rtdges or pTctiiresque 
hills. It IS well watered, very fertile, divided 
into large farms and is in good tiltli. Scat- 



101 



tered over it, here and there, are thriving towns 
and beautlfiil vTUages. 

To Pickle's Mwmtain, upon Uie morning of 
the 31st of May, the vStudents and Teaeliei's of 
the Academy of Science and Art set wit. The 
day was fair. The sky was elear and the air 
saliibrTous. The students were elieerful and 
attentive, and all things transpired profitably 
and pleasantly. 

The party numbered sixteen. 

The pupils were 

JENNIE S. DIETS, - - Rixcxos, N. J. 

ORVILLE DIETS, 

BEN LARISOX, 

FOLEY EARISON, - 

SARAH E. EARUE, 

PETER S. MOORE, - - - 

GEORGE C. PR ALL, 

JOHN W. QUICK, 

MARY B. RUDEBACK, - - Copper Hill. 

MABELLE WELLIAMSOiN, - Ringos, N. J. 

WILHELMINA WILLIAMSON, 

The teachers were 

MARY J. EARISON, - - " 

C. W. EARISON, - - - u u 

MARY W. PR ALL, - - - " . u 

SARAH A. PRALL, - . « ^ 



102 

The driver was 
GEORGE T. DALRYMPLE, - Ringos, N. J. 

On our way we passed ^ro Flemmgton and 
^le Barley Sheaf. As an exercise m the use 
of ge ograi>hT€ instruments was a part of the 
work of tiie day, before going to the mountain, 
we visited that €Osy little village called White 
House Station, on ^le !N. J. (Jentral R. R., in 
order to make some observations preparatory 
to measuring tlie heloht of tlie mountain and 
that of tiie hills wTtliTn sio-ht. 

— o 

During the day, tiie instruments mainly m 
use, were ^le Aneroid barometer, tiie tlier- 
mometer, and the ellnometer. At the AYliIte 
House Station, the railroad track Ts 180.7 feet 
above mean tide. The altitude of tiiTs site may 
be regarded the mean of tiie plain for a long 
way around. A€€ordTngly, at tiiTs point, we 
began our observations. The reading of the 
barometer and of tiie tiiermometer was eare- 
fuily noted by all. The as]3e€t of tiie mountain 
carefully noted. The obje€ts upon the con- 
tiguous plain carefully surveyed. 

This work beiiii>: done, we started toward 
the highest part of ^le mountain. In ^e 
carry-all, we rode to tiie loot of tiie elevation. 



103 

Here we dismcHinted, sent tlie «aiTy-all to tliat 
site over whieh the I'oad from Serabbletowii to 
Lebanon passes, distributed oi^ir tools and mir 
iitensTls, and began tlie ascent. At first, tlie 
slope IS gentle ; but, as we advance, tiie slope 
IS more in-elined. ISTear the foot of the eleva- 
tion issue strong springs of tlie purest and 
softest water. IvnowTng tiie tendency to ^iirst 
in elimbmg pi'eci])i toils elevations, and aiiticl- 
patmg the ditf i€ulty of getting water until Ave 
again descended tJie mountain, at these fwrnt- 
ains we drank deejily. 

Slowly and delTberately we ascend. The 
slope IS steep. The clinometer tells us that 
the mountain side inclines so as to make with 
a perpendieiihir, an angle of 70°. The barom- 
eter tells us we have ascended 200 feet. By 
the thermometer, we see tliat tiie air at ^le 
place at whieh we are, is almost one degi'ee 
lower than it was in the pliiin. 

Again we ascend, till all are tired. Upon 
boulders and prosti-ate logs, we are seated for 
another observation, and anotlier social mter- 
ehange of tliouglit. By tiie l)arometer, we see 
we have ascended another 200 feet. By tiie 
clinometer, Ave see that at tins site, Uie slope is 



104 



even steeper Mian at the observing place below. 
Here tlie Tnellnation is jibont 60°. Onmspee-' 
tion of tJie tber mo meter, we learn that tlie air 
here is €ooler by 2° tlian it was upon the plain. 

Again, we ascend, till we reaeh the eulmen. 
The feat is aeeomplislied. Here we rest. 
Faces are red, eyes are sparkling, brows are 
sufiYised witli sweat. The shade is deep, tliere 
are plenty of good seats and the gentle breeze 
IS €ool and.refresliTng. Wit is rife and humor 
IS f]"eely flowing. 

An Tnspeetion of t^ie barometer teaehes us 
yiat we have ascended 587 feet above tlie R. 
R. track at tlie White Hmisc Station. Since 
the R. R. track at tliat place is 180 feet above 
mean tide, tlie sum of tliese two numbei's will 
be tlie number of feet tlie eulnien is above 
mean tide. Hence we compute tliat tlie alti- 
tude of the bill IS 767 feet above tlie level of 
the sea. 

By an inspection of tlie tliermometer, we 
see that the temperature of tlie. air at tlie 
€ulmeii IS 3° lower tlian it wjis upon the plain. 
Here we have demonstrated tliat fact, so well 
known to all who iire used to mountaineering, 
that tlie temperature of tiie air upon elevatioug 



105 

IS lower than ^at of the atmosphere iipon ad- 
joining plains. 

The €uhnen of this moiintaTn consists of a 
knob of trachlte tliat projects up fi'om the 
€ore-rock of tlie ridge. Towards tlie S. E. 
tills liiiob presents an escarpment tliat is pre- 
cipitous. At yie foot of this escarpment is a 
large pile of blocks of surface trachlte, as 
regular in contour as if dressed by some deft 
mason. These angular blocks are so white, 
upon tlie weathered surfaces, tliat they appear 
as if coated with whitewasli, or calcimine. 
This color, however, is pecviliar to the weatli- 
ered surface of the trachite of this region. 

Towards ^e X. W. the culnien rock gradii- 
ally slopes away and is so deeply covered with 
the gritty soil tliat over it grows a luxviriant 
forest. Nor less luxiirTant are tlie trees of the 
forest upon tlie opposite sides of the crest. 

As the culnien is surrounded by a dense 
woods, it IS an unfavorable site for viewing 
dTstant objects. Biit, towiii'ds the south, at 
the distance of a quarter of a mile, is an open 
area that commands a view of a large circuit 
of country. To tliTs we descended. Here, by 
means of our instruments, we made siieh ob- 

E2 



106 



eervations as were required to ascertain ^e 
altitude of the place, the temperature of the 
atmosphere, the meridian of ^le place and its 
relation to neighboring objects. 

The altitude of tiiTs open area is about 95 
feet less than that of the €ulmen of the mo^m- 
tam. When we had learned this faet, we 
poised our clinometer to compare the altitude 
of tills site with Miat of ^le neighboring hills. 
As the instrument was turned thro the cireuit 
of the horizon, we learned that our situation, 
excepting tlie Cuslietong, was higher tiian that 
of any elevation in view. But, as tiie instru- 
ment was directed toward the Cusiietong, it 
was observed that the site exactly 95 feet be- 
low the culmen of Pickle's Mountain, wasjiist 
level AvTtii tlie culmen of Cuslietong. Thus 
we learned that the altitude of Cusiietong is 
672 feet above ^e level of the sea. 

From this cleared area, the prospect is 
grand. As we face tiie east, the eye traces 
^e graceful oi^itllnes of Fii'st and Second 
Mountains. They are about ten miles away. 
Rising boldly over against us, to tlie height of 
400 feet, tiiey gracefully trend nortrlieast and 
soutliwest, formmo; most beautifid crescents. 



107 

Their verdant slopes and wooded crests make 
Uie lands€ape picturesque. In the vTsta ^lat 
f oi'ms tlie terminus of the valley that separates 
them, IS nestled tiiat quiet village, Pluckamin. 
Its spires and turrets glistening m ^le morning 
siin adorn tiiis piirt of tlie. prospect with arti- 
ficial gems. 

Farther north, where the Raritan wends its 
lazy way close up to ^le foot of Second 
Moiintain, peers tlie sjjires of Lesser Cross 
Roads. ]S^earer by, half sliielded from view by 
a forest, are seen tiie spires of Greater Cross 
Roads. Farther toward tiie nortii, dimmed by 
the azrire of distance, we descry the spire of 
the diiir-eh at Peapack. Nearer by, tiiro tiie 
broad plain, we see tiie winding course of a 
beaiitTfiil river. It Ts tiie Lammgton. Upon 
its eastern bank, we see ^e spire and turrets of 
a scattered settlement, — the village Lamington. 
Neai'er by, is seen that picturesque village 
Me-ehanicsville. Its glistening steeple and 
sliinmg turrets peering amid umbrageous trees 
Indicate Ae sanctuary of tlie pioiis, and ^le 
homes of the opiilent, and tiie retired, Nearer 
by, are tiie dwellings of tiiat neat village White 
Hoiise. While nearer by still, less than a mile 



108 

away, and 580 feet beneath us, basks Miat new 
village known as White House Station. Its 
dvvellTng-s, as if fiiiTslied under a single eontraet, 
are all white, and are kept as bright as silver 
spoons. Here everyMiTng is neatness and 
eozTness. " Its spacious streets and sliaded 
walks indi-eate leisHre and refinement. Here, 
as birds m tlieir flight, we look down upon 
passing trains of trundling ears, fruitful gardens 
and beautiful door yards, — tlie emblems of 
taste and industry. 

Toward tlie se^itlieast, tlie view is unob- 
structed. As we gaze, we survey that broad 
and beaiitiful valley of tlie Raritan, to its ter- 
minus, at the sea. 'No hill obstructs, no swell 
of land intervenes. With a glass, the Raritan 
Bay IS distinctly visible. Upon its soutrhern 
shore, we descry tlie spires of Keyport. Near 
by, are seen Pertii Amboy, Soiitli Amboy, 
^ew Brunswick, Millstone, Bound Brook, 
Somerville and Raritaii. While, witli tlie un- 
aided eye, far out upon tlie soutliern portion of 
the plain, we descry the spires of ^orth 
Bran^, Branchville, Centerville and Reading- 
ton. 

As tlie filcc is turned toward tlie soiitli, 



109 

tfiere extends before us, a beautifuil plain 
skirted as far as Mie eye -ean s€an, by Mie 
Sourland RTdge. This plain is variegated by 
graceful hills, gentle knolls, symmetrieal ridges, 
verdant woodlands, fertile fields and neat farm 
buildings. Seattered over it, is many a €ozy 
hamlet, and many a quiet village, many a busy 
workshop and many a f aitliful mill. 

As we survey this plain, tliere peers iip to 
view, tlie turrets and spii'e of !N^eslianT€, Clover 
Hill, CentervTlle, Reaville and Three Bridges. 
Here rises up tlie eilrlTng smoke from a 
factory, there ascends tlie sooty steam from 
the lo€omotTve. While everywhere appears 
&e emblems of industry, progress, eiiltiire and 
rural happiness. 

Toward Mie southwest, far in the distance^ 
peers iip tiie siimmit of Goat Hill. It is 20 
miles away. Thitherward extends a plain that is 
diversified AvTtli ridge and vale, hill and valley, 
knoll and dell, forest and field, river, rivuilet 
and rill. 

In the distant aziire, flanked by bold emi- 
nences, we desery the spire at Mount Airy. 
]^rearer by are seen the spires at Riiigos. Far- 
tlier uortli, we d^eseiy tlie spire iipon tlie 



110 

^ureh upon Sandy RTdge. Farrier north, 
upon yie southern slope of Swamp Ridge, we 
desery ^le spires at Kosemont and Sergeants- 
vTlle. While nearer by, witiiTn easy range, 
extends the beautiful village, Flemington. 

Toward ^le west, over against iis, and but a 
mile away, rises up the beautiful form of the 
Cushetong. Its ^rescenti^ trend, its steep 
slopes, its graceful outhnes and its verdant 
forests, form a spe^ta^le at once grand and 
pTt'turesque. 

FiirMier sfHith, iit tiie distance of four miles, 
rises the forest crested summit of Koi.ind 
Mountain. Beyond, extends tlie bold ridge 
that forms the eastern terminus of the table- 
land of Hunterdon. Upon its topmost part, is 
seen tlie ehureh and spire at C'herryville. 

As we face tlie northwest, we look down 
upon tliat beailtifiil little circular plain, known 
as Roiind Valley. Verdant as tiie valley of 
^le ISTile, as level as tlie plain of ShimVr, skirted 
upon all sides by verdant steeps and -eurving 
slopes, basking 500 feet beneatli our feet, and 
not a half mile away, it is a spe-eta^le of de- 
light, Ji tiling of exquisite beaiity. 

Beyond Round Valley, the surface rises m 



Ill 

graceful knolls, symmetrieal hills, steep slopes, 
long ridges and high hills. Nearer by, are 
seen the drift hills of sn gar-loaf form. Be- 
yond are the Fox Hills and the sierras of the 
Miis€onet€ong. While far beyond, partly 
hidden by the Mus€onet-eong, rises the bold 
summit of Scott's Mountain, the most elevated 
peak soiith of tlie Blue Kidge. 

Amid these hills iire beautiful villages. 
WT^m easy view, are seen ^e spires of An- 
nandale. Farther on, rises the pTnna€les of 
High Bridge. While a little toward tiie soutli 
amid the verdant domes of the drift hills, are 
seen the glistening turrets and steeples of that 
beautiful village, Clinton. 

Thus, from ^is position, upon Pickle's 
Mountain, the student in an hwir of time, may 
survey the most beaiitiful, the most delightful, 
the most varied, and tlie most instru€tive 
landscapes. From no otiier site in ]S^. J., €an 
so mii^ be seen in so short a time. Otiier 
sites there are whieh ai'e more elevated. But, 
excepting High Point, upon the Bliie Moun- 
tains, eaeh one is so environed that the strident 
€an view in but few directions. One grand 
prospect there may be ; or, perhaps, in a very 



112 

few €ases, two or Miree. But, from Pickle'g 
Mwintain, his face may be turned toward any 
point upon tJie horizon, and tliere appears be- 
fore hiin a landscape, bofeli pTeturesque and 
grand. 



TOUR OF CENTRAL NEW JERSEY. 



Monmouth Battlefield, 
2 A. M., June 22d, 1882. 
The mormrig of Jiine 22d dawned fair and 
propitious. The air was salubrious, tJie sky 
eloiidless. The matin voices of tlie native 
birds of tlie gardens, or-eliiirds and groves of 
Ringos filled tiie welkin vvTMi sweet musTe. 
But, of the creatures of that village, none were 
more light in heart, nor jof^^ous in expeetatious, 
Mian tlie students of Ge6grai)iiy of tlie A€ad- 
emy of Science and Art at RTngos. It w^as 
the day appointed for tlieni to start upon a 
tonr of Central New Jersey, — to be taught 
geogra|>]iy upon the road, in tlie field, in tlie 
valley, upon the hills, in tlie garden, m tlie 
grove, in tlie c|-uarry, Tu Mie marl pit, upon the 
battle field, at tlie hamlet, m tlie village, tliro 
the town, around tlie city, in publie edifices, 
by tbe dancing rill, tiie spreading river, and 
by tlie sounding sea. 



114 

Earlier Ihan ^iS birds tiiey aroge. And, as 
they plied their hands in preijaring lliemselves 
for the dnties of the day, tlieir glad hearts 
gave expression tliro merry voices and radiant 
faces. Before tiie time appointed formeetmg 
at the Academy, all had assembled, and were 
ready for the business of the day. AMio 
pensive and anxious, flashes of wit, gushes of 
humor and pert jokes bursting from expressive 
m(Hitiis provoked tlie merry laugh and made 
the season of waiting pass pleasantly. 

The €arry-all had been packed the night 
previous. So, labor was not a factor of tlie 
matin honrs. This gave all a better opportu- 
nity to survey the environments, and see tiiat 
they had wTtli them whatever tliey might need 
or wish. 

The students upon this tour were 

JENNIE S. DILTS, - Ringos, N. J. 

ORVILLE H. DILTS, 

CAROLINE HOWELL, - Trenton, N. J. 

BEN L. JOHNSON, - - Stockton, " 

OSIE JOHNSON, 

BEN LARISON, - - Ringos, N. J. 

POLLY LARISON, 

MARY E. LARUE, - - «< " 



115 

GEORGE C. PRALL, - Ringos, N. J. 
J. W. QUICK, 

LAMBERT REED, - Sandbrook, N. J. 

MARY B. RUDEBOCK, - Copper Hill, N. J. 

The teachers were 
MARY J. LARISON, - Ringos, N. J. 
MARY W. PRALL, - - " 

SARAH A. PRALL, 
C. W. LARISON, - - " 

The driver was 
GEORGE T. DALRYMPLE, 

At 7 o'elock, tiie order was given to be seat- 
ed m Uie €any-all. Quickly ea-eli one was ar- 
ranged m his place, and ^le vehicle was m 
motion. In order to ascertain the weight of 
the load, the wagon was ])laced upon the S€ales 
and weighed. We ascertained t^iat the vehicle, 
baggage and i)arty €olle€tively weighed 5370 
pounds. Of the things composing this 
weight, tiiei'e was not miieli provision, and not 
a pound of provender. The load €onsTsted 
almost entirely of the paily, tenting equip- 
ments, and the implements for the proseeution 
of 8cIeiitTfT€ investigation. 

As we cj^iietly passed ^ro (Hir village, fi'om 
the piazza of many a hcnise we were greeted 



116 



wiMi warm salutations. The serenity of the 
€Oiintenance of our friends expressed the cor- 
dial wislies tiiey had for our prosperity and 
oiir safety, and tlie melody of tiieir voices told 
how mueli tliey were interested in our hap- 
piness. 

At 8 o'elock, we passed tiiro tlie c^^ilet 
villiige, Woods ville. At 9, we took leave of 
Hopewell. At 10, we viewed tlie cj-iiaint old 
eliiireii &t Blawenbilrg. At 11, we passed 
thro the village. Rocky Hill. At 15 mmiites 
before 12, we stopped upon tlie height of Mile 
Run to rest. Here, under Uie shade of spread- 
ing elierry trees, tlie gentlemen fixed tlie table, 
tiie ladies arranged oiir victuals and all dined. 

Before dinner was over, the students were 
informed ^at they were resting upon €lassT€ 
grwmd. The eherry trees under whieh we ate 
are a part of tlie shade trees tliat surrcHind 
a very old fi-ame hwise that stands upon an 
elevation tliat eommands the prospect of a 
large area of country. In tliis old house, his- 
tory tells us, General George Wasliington 
wrote hTs farewell address to the Amertcah 
Army. Altlio old, the house is in good re- 
pair, and IS very mueh visited, — especially by 



117 

tiie students of Princeton and of Rutgers 
Colleges. 

As we traveled, during the morning, sueli 
geograi>}ii€ Tnstruetion was given as was 
necessary to fully prepare tlie students to €om- 
prehend ihe various prospects Uiat presented, 
and tlie various objeets tliat we passed. The 
students were attentive to instruction and 
seemed delighted witli their opportuntties for 
the observations tliey were making. 

Nortli of Rocky Hill and Mile Run Hill is 
the most soutlierly deposit of drift eartli found 
in :N. J. It is isolated and has many pecu- 
liarities. Its reddisli yellow appearance, and 
its heap of nmnded flinty cobble-stones readil^ 
attracted tlie attention of all. 

As we came near Rocky Hill, in tlie bank 
along tlie side of Hie road was seen tiie relation 
that the formation of the Drift Period bears to 
the Redsliale. At tins point, tlie redsliale rock 
IS distmctly seen superimposed by a stratum 
of tlie gravelly and gritty eartli peculiar to tlie 
drift formation. This phenomenon was freely 
discussed, and its importance well impressed. 
At 1 o'clock, we mounted tlie carry-all and 
resumed our tour. Near Kingston, on tiie 



118 

eastern bank of tiie Delaware and Raritan 
€anal, is an extensive q^iarry, m the indurated 
rock of the TiiassTe formation. Here is an 
excellent opportlinTty to study the relation of 
the TrIassTe to the Cretaceous foi-niation. To 
this cj-iiarry, we gave special attention. In 
MiTs quarry, the Trlassi€ rock is worked ver- 
ti€ally, to the deptli of tiiTrty feet, or more. 
Direetly upon tJiTs TrIassT€ rock, all along the 
breast of tiie q-iiarry, is seen reposing tiie yel- 
lowisii gravelly strata of tiie cretaceous forma- 
tion. A bolder exhibition of ^le relation of 
these two formations eoiild not be sought, and 
probably, so good an exhTbition of this relation 
IS nowhere else fcHind. 

Below Kingston, we left the Trias entirely. 
Here ihe whole ge o graphic aspect is ehanged. 
Here is seen the clayey soil of tiie lower cre- 
taceous, wTtii its forests of paper bireh and 
buttonwood. Here, in many jDlaces, the soil 
inclines to blue. The swamps are surprisingly 
fehTck wTtii trees. Beneatli tiiese, is a thick 
undergrowtii of bushes, brambles and trailing 
plants. Here tiie green brier (Smilax rotiindl- 
folTa,) and carrion plant (Smilax herbaceA,) 
grow luxuriantly. Here are found lilies in 



119 

great abundance. Here grows the bulrush to 
great perfeetion. 

That tlie geogra]>}iT€ elements may be the 
better understood, I T)riefly allude to tiie geo- 
logic structure of tiie central part of iST. J. 

Streteliing s<Kit}iwest fi'om tlie Palisades, on 
the Hudson and tlie Kai'itan Bay to tlie DeliX- 
ware, between Trenton and Johnson's Ferry, 
IS tiiat area of land known as tlie Trias, — 
formed diiring the first period of Mie Reptilian 
Age. The surface of tliTs area is diversified 
wi^ ridges and valleys tliat, in tlie main, trend 
northeast and sou tli west. The ridges of 
greatest length, and greatest elevation, as a 
rule, consist of a core of Basaltic Trap, flanked 
on eitlier side ]:)y indurated shale. Between 
these long ridges, extend broad valleys, tlie 
surface of whTeli is rolling, lindiilating, ridgy 
or knolly. 

The rock of tliYs area, for the most part, is ^ 
sandstone, — in some places so well bedded, and 
so gritty, tliat It aft'ords excellent buTlding 
stone ; but, in most places, it is fine grained, 
laminated, rich in organic elements, and, when 
exposed to the air, very unstable, soon dismte- 
gratTng into rieli soil. In many places, tliis 



120 

rock IS red, or some sliade of red. Hence, to 
some parts of the distriet, tiie term Redsiiale 
IS applied. Of tJiese districts, the soil, as a 
rule, IS heavy and tight — but very fertile. 

In long erescentie lines, at various places, 
peers above this red sandstone, tlie out-€rop of 
immense dikes of Bassaltie Trap. This trap, 
disTntegi'ated by atmospherie agencies, 1 orms 
^ gritty soil, that is very fi'iable, and very 
fertile. 

Switli of the Trias extends a belt tliat was 
formed during the elosmg period of the Rep- 
tilian Age. This Ts known as tlie Cretaceous. 
Concerning the area. Prof. Cook, in the Geol- 
ogy of l!^. J., €ompleted in 18G8, states: "The 
Cretaceous Formation, in ]^ew Jersey, •con- 
sists of a series of beds, or strata, lying con- 
formably upon eaeli otlier, and all having a 
gentle descent, or dtp, towards the so^utheast. 
The strata ditfer from eaeli other in mtneral 
composition ; but, tliey lire all earthy in form, 
except at a few detaehed points, where the ma- 
terial has been cemented by oxide of iron, Tntd 
a kind of sandstone, or conglomerate. They 
appear to have lain lindtsturbed ever since 
their deposition from tlie ocean ; having no 



121 

folds, or €urves, Tii Miem, but lying smootii 
and parallel, like tlie leaves of a book. As tlie 
dip of Mie strata is towards tlie so^.itlieast, 
Mieir edges sliow tliemselves upon tlie surface 
in nortiaeast and soutliwest lines. If Mie sui*- 
face were nmform, tiiese lines would be 
straight ; but, owing to inequalities of Mie 
surface, tliey present irregillarTties of greater 
or less extent, eurvTng to Uie norfeliwest on 
high groiind, and to tlie soxitlieast on low, or 
descending groiind. The lowest strata have 
tlieir oiiterop fartliest to tlie northwest." 

"The seetion from Rahway, in jNITddlesex 
County, to Deal, m Monmoutli Coiuity, (a 
Fig lire of whieli is inserted upon page 122,) 
sliows all tlie beds in Mie order of Mieir 
occurrence, as seen when looking nortlieast. 
a IS gneiss; b is red sandstone (Trias); c is 
plastic clay ; d is tlie laminated sand and tlie 
clay miirl ; e is Mie lower marl beds ; f Ts the 
red sand ; g is tlie middle miirl bed ; h is tlie 
yellow sand, and i is tlie upper miirl bed." 

"The fig lire on the succeeding piige is a col- 
umnar section, sliowTng all tlie beds of Mie 
Cretaceous Formation as tiiey would appear if 



122 



mA 



'//i: 



0% 



mm 



''in . 






'HilS 



'n%%''l!!ili: 



t^ 



Mi^ 



123 



^l! W0^7M^ wM Upper Marl Bed. 



;•,} Yellow Sand. 
Middle Marl Bed. 



Red Sand. 



Lower Marl Bed. 




124 

piled one on top of another, throughout, and 
in ^le order of then' succession." 

With Plasti€ Clays " are Tneluded tiie fire 
and aliim clays " " and the potters' clays." 

" There are also," in tlie Plastic Clay For- 
mation, " beds of light colored sand ; and, in 
many places, fossil trees and beds of lignite 
[ire foiind. This part of tlie formation occu- 
pies the nortliwestern border of the district." 

The surface of ^le outcrop of the Plastic 
Clay Formation is, for tiie most part, a very 
narrow villley — almost a trough, tliat extends 
entirely across from tlie Raritan to the Dela- 
ware. Its surface is the lowest of all the land 
in ^e central part of tlie State. Indeed, tliro 
this trough tlie DelawHre and Rarltan canal 
extends. Of tliis canal, tlie summit level is 
only 58 feet above tlie tide in tlie Pari tan. 
Thro it, tlie w^atei- of tlie Delaware actually 
flows into the Paritan. 

Swith of the trougli of Plastic Clay, tlie 
surface rises gradiially to tlie height of nearly 
200 feet. The surface here is somewhat iin- 
diilating ; biit it maintains tliis elevation, 
almost do^vii to Cumberland County. 

To Ais belt of clay succeeds the belt of 



125 

elay-marl — fertile and very arable. The siii'- 
f ace of Uiis IS gently rolling, and well adapted 
to agri€iilture. The landscape here is attract- 
ive ; especially so to one who has been reared 
amid tlie hills of Hunterdon. Here are fine 
farms, excellent farm bnildings, good fences 
and well tilled fields. Here are good orchards, 
good meadows, good fields of rye, large fields 
of wheat, and an excellent growtli of timotliy 
and clover. Here maize grows luxuriantly 
and Mie potato flourislies admirably. 

The belt of Cliiy-marl is wide. To this suc- 
ceeds Hie belt of red sand soil, ^e outcrop- 
ping of tlie red sand layer of tlie lower cre- 
taceous. In tlie order of succession of tlie 
cretaceous formation, tliis is tlie tliird. Of 
HiTs, tlie soil IS very arable, and, m every 
respect very suitable to tillage. And, as it is 
near tlie great marl belt, it has been liberally 
dressed wTtli marl lintTl it is very fertile. 
Upon tliTs soil, everytrliTng seems to tiiiive 
and everybody seems to be prosperous. 

The soil of tliTs belt is divided into large 
farms. These are divided into large fields, 
which are well fenced and well tilled. Here 



126 

the farm buildijigs are spacious, neat, and or- 
derly arranged. As stones are scarce, tJie 
foundations of buildings, tiie abutments of 
bi-idges, and the walls of wells are often built 
of bricks. 

In tliTs rggion, as well as elsewhere m the 
cretaceous formation, tlie wells are deep and 
the water very cool. To find a. well eighty or 
one hundred feet deep is not a rarity here. 
The " old oaken bucket," tlie open well €urb, 
and tiie long manTlla rope are in mu-eli use 
here. Excepting in cisterns, pumps are sel- 
domly seen. 

The streams here flow sluggislily, and ^le 
water of tliem is peculiar. It looks like the 
w^ater tiiat flows from tan-yiirds. Altlio tlie 
beds of tlie streams consist of beautiful bright 
pebbles, they can be seen witli dift'Iciilty. 
The color of tlie water is yellowisli, — verging 
toward black. Its taste is slightly stTptTc, or 
astringent. 

The soil here contains ferric sulphate. As 
^e pluvial waters percolate thro it, tliis salt is 
leaehed Oiit. Tins acting upon tlie organic 
matter, witli which tt comes in contact, forms 
a compoiind Avhieli has a peculiar color. This 



127 

compound is very soiiible m water, and is ^le 
coloring matter of these streams. 

ThS peeuliarities here noticect are ii5t con- 
fined to the water of tiiese rYvTilets. All Uie 
streams tiiat dram the cretaceous formation, 
in Xew Jersey, present kindi'ed ]^)e€ulTarities. 
In some, tiie water Ts not so dark, aMio more 
astringent ; in many it is darker. Towards 
Uie sea, we have seen the water of tiie rivnlets 
ahnost as black as ink. This black water is 
sometimes veiy sickening to tlie palate, and 
very nauseating to tlie stomach. 

Usually, Mie turtles, snakes, fishes, crusta- 
ceans, &c., &c., tiiat inhabit ^lese streams are 
tinctured witli tliis ferric sulj^iiate and present 
a dirty or dull appearance. I^or is tlie flesli 
of tlie fislies free from tlie taste peculiar to the 
water in whieli tiie v live. Hence, the fislies 
of these streams are not miieh prized for food. 

During tlie afternoon, we passed tliro tiie 
busy villages Moumoiitli Junction, Dayton, 
Jamesburg, and Englislitowu. 

Monmoutli Junction is a noted railroad 
center. This village is small, ne^v and neat. 



128 

In population and weaMi, it is mereasmg. 
Soon it will be a village of importance. 

The village Dayton, two miles beyond Mon- 
moutli Junetion, is a small place tliat presents 
some peenlTarities. The €omitry aronnd it is 
beautiful. The soil is good and well tilled. 
The farms are liirge and tlie buildings good. 

Alliio tills village contains but one store 
and about a dozen houses, it has two very 
handsome hotels. These are opposite to ea^ 
otlier, and seem to be doing a €onsTderable of 
business. 

We were pleased wTtli Jamesbui'g. Indeed, 
MiTs is a beautiful vTllaare. Here tiie toot of 
tlie lo€omotTve whistle is ever rTno-Tnc: in Mie 

— — O — o 

ears. The depot is a busy place. Here we 
saw miieli of t^iat hurry and bustle tliat 
usually attend busy railroad depots ; tlie 
maiden aviHi her poodle, Mie lady wTtii her 
bundle, tlie woman wTtli her eliildren, tlie 
butelier wTtli his trousers in his boots, tlie 
teamster wiHi his lazy lioi'se and driiy, tlie 
farmer wTtli Ins prancing nag — all mixTng 
thro and tliro like swarming bees. 

Beyond Jamesburg, we visited a eranberry 
marsh. To tlie students MiTs was a euriosTty, 



129 

Many of them supposed that €raiibeiTTes grew 
upon buslies. But, to their great surprise, 
tiiey saw tiiat tlie cranberry is tiie fruit of a 
small trailing vine. The plant is aq-iiatic, 
and very tenacious of life ; and when once it 
is well rooted into a soil adapted to its €ultiire, 
tliere is no plant tliat can erowd it otit, or 
stunt its growtli. Its vines are long, slender, 
and very strong. The leaves are few and 
small, and mueli resemble tliose of tiie box- 
busli. They are a bright green, and are 
arranged opposite. The flowers are white and 
small, but beaiitiful. The berries are about 
tlie size of a cherry, round, red and intensely 
soiir. 

As we viewed tliTs cranberry marsli from 
the carry-all, it looked like a level garden, that 
was intersected wT^i ditches dividing it into 
regiilar plots, covered witli a most luxiirTant 
growtii of some creeping vine. On inspection, 
we found tliat tliTs marsh was the result of 
ex(j-iiTsite labor. The grounds on which Tt 
was, had been a peat marsh. From this peat 
marsh, the surface turf had been removed, 

> ..7 

and tiie peat beneath made perfectly level. 
Thro this plain, at intervals of twenty feet, 

F2 



130 

had been dug ditehes two feet wide and two 
feet deep. In MiTs way, the whole area had 
been divided into plots or beds that extend 
from one side of fehe marsii to tlie otlier. 

Upon tiie leveled surface of tiie peat of 
tliese plots, white sand had been strewn to the 
depth of five in^ies. Thio this white sand 
do^vn into Mie peat beneaMi, to t^ie deptli of 
fifteen Tnehes, a hole had been made, by means 
of a pointed Iron. Into tliis hole, down deep 
into tiie peat had been inserted the root of the 
eranberry plant. Then, to seeiire the proper 
amwmt of moisture at all seasons of the year, 
along tlie lower side of the marsh there was 
built a strong dam, provided wTtli suitable 
waste gates and tlie like, so tiiat tlie water 
of the stream tiiat drains it €an be made to 
rise m tlie dit^lies at will ; or even to overflow 
the entire marsh, when needed. Indeed, water 
IS an indispensable rec^ilsite to €-ranberry cul- 
ture, especially during tiie winter. Water is 
the great protestor against frosts. During 
€old wearier, the cranberry Mi rives best when 
kept under water. Consecj-iiently, during the 
€old weatiier of winter, the gates of tlie dam 
are cloged and tiie entire miirsli inundated. 



131 

The €ost ineurred in prepariiig a eranberry 
marsli is fabulous. The proprietor of tliTs 
marsli states tJiat it €ost him a little over 
.f 1100 an a€re to prepare tlie grcHind and to 
plant the vines. But, when onee tlie ground 
is prepared and tlie vines well rooted in, a for- 
tune IS seevired. The niiirsh lasts, time witli- 
wit end. The older Uie marsh tlie more pro- 
lifie tlie vines. Hence, the subserj-iient €OSt 
of tillage IS nominal ; and the annual eost in- 
curred in the repah' of the dam and the ditehes 
cannot be very great. 

This miirsh is iio^v eleven years old. It is 
very tlourisliTng. Diirmg these years the an- 
nual €'.ost has been tliat of repairing the dam 
and attending tlie diteiies. 

The income from a cranberry marsli is also 
fabulous. The proprietor of tliis one states 
tiiat he has realized $900 per acre from it m 
one year. He also states tliat about |600 per 
acre is an average yield. This marsli is not 
large ; it contains only eleven acres. 

Beyond Jamesburg, we visited and exam- 
ined a peat marsli. This is a Geologic for- 
mation entirely ne^v to the students of the 
Academy. In it they took very great interest. 



132 



It so liappened Miat tins miirsli had lately been 
drained by &e interseetmg of dit^ies. Of 
^ese, some were wide and deep ; some were 
wide and eiiallow. They were all easy of ae- 
cess ; so oiir opportunity for examination was 
good. 

Peat IS bad stuff for staining hands and 
€lotiies ; and tliey who intend to examine it 
must expeet to get tlieir hands and elothes 
Boiled. But, we Avere provided against soiling 
^Tngs of value ; and so we waded into tiie 
ditehes and proceeded to business. 

Upon examination, Uie walls of the ditehes 
were foimd to eonsist of a mass formed of 
leaves, twigs, sticks, roots and logs tliat had 
so far undergone tlie process of deeay tliat 
they were entirely soft and friable. From tlie 
bank could be taken a handful of tlie black 
mass tliat ivould yield to tlie pressure of the 
fingers almost like a sponge, l^ov was it 
diffl€ult to elasp tlie hand so tightly that tiie 
entire mass escaped by scj^^iirting between tlie 
fingers. It eould be worked up into balls 
like dough ; or it €ould be spaded o^it in 
blocks like bricks ; or it €ould be €ut into 
large blocks like pieces of Avood. Indeed, 



133 

upon tlie sides of many of the ditelies were 
piled and dried large heaps formed of spade- 
fuls of the olack material as reg ular m sliape 
as Mio it had just been lifted from tlie pit and 
was yet upon the spade. 

In many places in this peat the form of tlie 
leaf was found perf eet. Sticks, witli tlie bark 
yet on, sliowed the striieture of the wood, tlie 
rings of growtli, tlie ligneous fibre and 
tlie silver- grahi, as plainly as the trees 
fresli from tlie forest. Logs, a foot in diam- 
eter, buried 4 feet beneatli the surface, looked 
perfeet and solid enou^ for building timber. 
But, to the slightest pressure, tliey yielded; 
and, witii the hand, tliey were easily €runibled 
to small particles, or sq-ueezed into a soft, 
spongy mass. 

Peat IS an excellent fertilizer and is mueh 
used for enrieliTng tlie land. It is not usual 
however, to apply it to tlie land raw. The 
farmer usually prepares it by eomposting it 
wTtli manure ; or wT^i lime ; or witli aslies ; or 
with blood ; or with ref Use of the soap Avorks. 
Fixed in this way, it is said to be a superior 
dressing for lands abo^t to be planted Avith 



134 

potatoes. Many farms have been milde ex- 
ceedingly fertile by tlie fise of peat. 

Peat 18 also •eombustible. When spaded 
otit, piled rip and dried, it may be burned as 
fuel. In this way, it is sometimes lised. Biit, 
it IS inferior to €oal. When intended for 
f viel, it IS ilsiially waslied, ground up and tlien 
packed into small ^r^akes. This is done by 
maehinery. For working peat into fiiel, Hiere 
are several factories. 

The formation of peat is interesting. When 
a marsii is so inundated tiiat Mie fallen moss, 
blades of grass, leaves of trees, twigs, sticks, 
and the like, at once beeome saturated wT^ 
water and are kept, at a low temperature, from a 
free a€cess of air, tlie process of de-eay is only 
partial. In faet, tlie retrograde metamor- 
phosis of the vegetable substances that goes 
on under these circumstances results in pro- 
duets that resist decay. Hence, tliey accu- 
muliXte. In %iiis way is formed every peat 
marsli. Hence we see that peat marslies can 
only be formed in low, level places, in whieh 
"streams become obstructed and foi-m swamps; 
or m bayg and inlets of salt water, where the 



135 

ebb and flow of the tide keej^s tiie soil con- 
stantly wet." 

EnglTsiitown is an old village. Like RTn- 
gos, it IS one of tlie oldest settlements in tlie 
State. In it are many old, miteuable, dilapida- 
ted buildings tliat are slowly falling to pieces. 
They seem to be houses of yore. Why Miey 
have been left standing till tlie roofs have 
fallen in, the siding has rotted off and the 
door-yiirds have grown tip witli bnslies and 
trees, we loiow not. With the snugly built 
and neatly kept dwelling tliat sometimes 
stands near by, they contrast strongly. 

Englishtown has a popiilation of about 400. 
It is built mainly upon two streets Miat cross 
eaeh other at right angles. In it is a Metlio- 
dist ehureli, a Presbyterian ehureh, tliree 
stores, a drug store, a harness sliop, three 
wheelwright sliops, two smith shops and one 
flour mill. The citizens of this village are in- 
telligent, enterprising and polite. Here is 
done, for a village of its size, a large amount 
of trSde. 

At eight o'clock, P. M., we pitched our 



136 

tents in tiie woods in whieh a part of the 
American iirmy was cj^iartered during tlie 
night before tiie battle of Monmoiith. It is a 
beantiful grove of hiird wood, and is a pleasant 
place for an encampment. Upon this classic 
groiind, many of tlie stndents took tlieir first 
lesson 111 tent buTlding. For, tlie younger 
enes, iintil tliis evening, knew notlimg about 
tent life. However, in a sliort time oiir tents 
w^ere pitched, oiir blankets spread, and we 
were ready to retire. But, just then Uie ladies 
called to tea. Aroiind Mie long table we as- 
sembled ; and, witli tliat ceremonious decorum 
pecfilTar to tlie Academics upon a scientific 
tour, we ate sueli as was " set before us, ask- 
ing no q;«esti6ns." Our appetites were keen ; 
and we ate witli a relisli. As we ate, sparks 
of wit, guslies of humor, historic anecdotes, 
philosoi)hic reflections and practic observa- 
tions ascended from tlie various parts of the 
circle, and made the time pass pleasantly and 
profitably. 'No one complained of his new 
home ; but, every one. seemed to be earnestly 
in cj;iiest of sleep, and desirous that he or she 
sliould rise early upon the following morning. 
As I went ^iro the tents from time to time, 



137 

during Mie night, all were sleeping soundly, 
and many were snormg liistily. A bed iipon 
tlie ground is tiie place for sleep. 

It IS no^v five o'elock, A. M. The morning 
dawns pleasantly. The air is balmy, and tlie 
sky serene. At Mie break of day, the matm 
signal was given. The students arose and 
proceeded to the business of Uie morning. At 
five o'elock breakfjist was ready, and witli 
a€ademi€ ceremonies, we assembled arotmd 
tlie long table. As a rule, witli stildents, 
Miere is not a eraving appetite for tlie morn- 
ing meal. But, on this o€€asi6n, tlie vora- 
ciousness was sueh as eharacterize tlie wood- 
ehopper in early winter. In a few mmiites 
tliere disappeared a goodly c|-uantity of boiled 
ham, boiled eggs, elieese, bread, eake and 
eoffee. All seemed to be in tlie enjoyment of 
perfeet healtli, and all were inclined to talk 
freely. As we ate, many were tlie comments 
upon the €lassT€ ground upon whieli we had 
spent the night, and of tlie heroTe deeds of 
tliose who, one hundred and six years ago 
o€€iipied the spot on whieli we were tlien 
breakfasting. 



138 




Old CHrucH on the Battlefield. 

In sight, and about 300 yards away, stands 
tJiat antiVj-ne old €iiiir#li building t^iat was 
used as a hospital during the battle. From 
this site, it a])pears picturesque and inviting. 
The white gravestones that are in the yard 
tiiat surround it show €onspi€iiously, and give 
to ^le prospect an ap})earanee of solemnity. 
Our students are restlessrly waiting an oppor- 
tunity to visit it. 



Squax Beach, 
5 A. M., June 23, 1882. 
After breakfast, Ave visited tiie old eliureli 
and closely inspected it. With its appear- 
ance and its environments the students were 



139 

mueh delighted. During the battle this 
ehureli was used as k hospital. It stands 
upon an eminence by an ancient graveyard in 
whieh, near the ehureli, is a number of large 
forest trees. The building has an anti(|ue 
and venerable appearance. It is built of wood, 
IS two stories high, is slimgled from the peak 
of tJie roof to the foundation, and has a spire. 
It IS entered upon the soutli side, by tiiree 
doors. Of these, tlie central is tlie largest. 
The doors swing lipon hinges tliat have an 
antiq-ue appearance. They are similar to- stieli 
as are now lised to swing gates and barn 
doors. Eaeli consists of a large Iron "hook," 
driven into tiie door-posts, from whieh ex- 
tends a broad and strong "strap'' Miat reaeiies 
entirely aeross the door. They are fastened 
to tlie door by means of large wrought nails. 
I have no donbt tliat tiiose hooks, straps and 
nails were made by some blacksmith tliat, m 
olden times, lived near the ehureh. 

When opened, these doors swing mitward 
until tJiey rest against ^e side of tlie hmise — 
as do the doors of barns. 

The central door is fastened by means of a 
huge old-time lock, — thg identical one that 



140 

was placed upon it when tlie building wag 
ereeted. The key tiiat manipulates Miis lock 
IS ponderous and eurious. 

The latelies upon tlie side doors are sueh as 
the blacksmitJi makes for biirn doors, garden 
gates, and tlie like. Ea^i eonsTsts of a large 
strap of iron fastened to the door at one end, 
by means of a large wrought nail ; tlie other 
end falling into tlie noteh of a hook driven 
into tlie door-post. 

The building is lighted by means of two 
rows of Avmddws, extending quite around tlie 
house. These are small and angular. The 
sashes are, m every parti€ular, antiq-iie. The 
panes of glass are small — tlie old-time " seven 
by nine." 

The pulpit IS opposite tlie door. It is un- 
usually high, and of tliat arelilte^ture peeulTar 
to tlie ehurelies of one hundred and fifty years 
ago. Its approaeli is a narrow, winding 
stiXirs, artisti€ and neat. 

Beside tlie pulpit is a tablet on whieli is 
Tns€iibed tlie epltaj^h of Rev. Win. Tennet, 
and tliat of Rev. John Woodhull, D. D. 

The seats are peculiar. The backs are ver- 
tical and very high. They are, in every par- 



141 

ti€ular, old-time seats ; but tliey are in the 
best of repair. Upon Mie back ol one of Miese 
seats, until a few years ago, was plainly seen 
the print of a man's hand. This print was in 
blood, and was made by a dying soldier. In 
his agony, to eliange his position, he placed 
his bloody hand upon tlie back of tlie seat. 
The imprint of his hand was formed, and re- 
mained as a memento of tliose days when our 
ancestors were struggling for independence. 

During Hie battle, some of tlie grave stones 
were broken by cannon balls. The fragments 
of tliese stones — broken more tlian a hundred 
years ago — no^v lie where tliey fell. 

EverytliTng about tiie venerable edifice is 
m an excellent state of preservation. Indeed, 
it seems tliat by a wise Providence, this ed- 
ifice, and its environments, are m tlie hands 
of tliose who appreciate the' saeredness of 
the spot, and who delight m keeping tilings 
as they were. We enjoy tlie visit to tins sa- 
bred place ; and we admire and respect tliose 
who so diligently have preserved it m its in- 
tegrity. As we pliXce our hands upon tliese 
sa€red lateiies, tliere arises an emotion tliat is 
known only to those who visit sueh hallowed 



142 

grounds, and €ontemplate siieli saerSd things. 
In handling these venerable objeets^^ we seem 
to be clasping tlie hands of those old wortliies 
who formed them ; and, by so doing, we seem 
to link tiie present with Mie past. 

The ^urt^i edifice that I have just de- 
scribed Ts very old. Yet, it is not the original 
First Presbyterian Chureli of Freehold. The 
primordial edifice stood near where the pres- 
ent one noM' is. It was built abmit 151 years 
ago. Mr. R. P. Craig, ^le present sexton of 
the eliurt^i — a descendant of the Craig family 
who were most instrumental m building it — 
informs me that tlie grant to build tlie pri- 
mordial eliureli was obtained in 17!27 ; tliat 
the edIfTce was erected in 1730 ; and tliat ^le 
preat^itng began in it in April, 1731. He 
also informs us tliat, at present there are, of 
this eliureli, about four hundred members. 

This eliureh has been served by some of 
^e most distinguTslied men in tlie Presbyte- 
rian denomination. Here tlie devout Tennets 
preaelied — tlie filmier and tlie son. Here 
preaelied the pious David Bi'Sinard, the zeal- 
ous Whitefield and tlie learned John Wood- 
hftll. 



143 

Here, under John Woodhiill, D. D., prior 
to tiie establisiiment of U\e TheologTc Sem- 
inary at Princeton, were edueated in tiieology, 
several di^tingnislied; ^lergjmen. Among 
tiiese was oiir late vTllager, Hie Rev. Ja€ob 
KTrkpatriek, D. D. 

In ^e grave yiird wliTeli environs tlie old 
building has been interred the bodies of many 
old worthies. Here Avas deposited Hie body 
of Gen. David Forman, Rev. John Woodhull, 
Rev. WTlliain Teiinet and others but little less 
distinguTsliect. WitliTii six feet of tlie west 
end of the eliureli is t^ie grave of Colonel 
Moii€t6n, a Britisli officer, who fell bv a 
raiisket ball while making a eliiirge upon tlie 
forces under Gen. Wayne. The spot is mark- 
ed by a board, — planted Hiere by some Eng- 
lish gentleman who visited tlie grave m 1876. 



144 




A— Briar HiU. 

M— Road to Middletown. 
S — Road to Shrewsbury. 
N— Freehold. 
C— Road to Allentown. 
E— Wiisbington's Main 

Body 
H— Comb's Hill, 
W — Wayne's Corps. 
B— Rill and Marsh. 
P— Parsonage. 
G — Fence. 

F— British Main Army. 
I — British Encampment 

the night alter the 

battle. 
L — I'orest now standing. 
— Euglishtown. 
D-Old Church. 



Plan of the Battlefield of Monmouth. 



During Hie morning, we visited tlie several 
sites upon whieh o€€urred tiie main engage- 
ments during tlie battle. We noted tlie spot 
at whieli WasliTngton met .Lee in Mie memor- 
able retreat ; iilso, tlie sp5t where tlie gallant 
Col. Biinner fell ; also where fell the lamented 
Major Dickinson ; also the spot where fell the 
British officer, Col. Moneton, 



145 

At 7J o'clock, we visited Mie marl-pTt, ou 
tiie south side of tiie road near Freehold. 
This pit is iiov\' yielding- niiirl and is in ex- 
cellent condition for study. Here, tlie stu- 
dents listened to a sliort leeture on tlie Marl 
Formation, and on tlie peeulTarlty of Hie stra- 
tum Tn whieii Hits pit is, and on tlie plan on 
whieli tills pit is worked. 

A¥hen Mie students had provided tliemselves 
with specimens of the marl of tliTs pit, we 
directed our -eourse towards Freehold, tlie 
Coiinty seat of MonmtH.itli County. We en- 
tered Hits beautiful village about 9 o'^lo^k, 
A. M. 

Along tlie main avenue tliat leads to tlie 
publT-e buildings, we -eai-efully and eritieally 
surveyed eaeli objeet lintil we arrived at tiie 
Court House. As tliis was an objeet of 
special interest to us, we disincHinted and be- 
gan a general survey of its several apartments 
and its accessories. 

Our fii'st attention was given to tliose parts 
that are Tn eliarge of tlie Sheriff. As Hie 
Sheriff was not Tn, we were escorted tliro by 
his deputy. EverythTng relatTng to Hie court 
room 18 elegant, spacious and convenient. The 



146 

apai'tinents for tiie Sheriff's family are ex- 
cjiiisTte. 

.\s we \vT»liect to vie^^ Uie jail and its ac- 
cessories, the deputy passed us thi'o tlie €ourt 
house into a back yard, wTtli high fences, m 
whieh stands the jail building. EverytliTng 
here presented tlie appearance of seciiri'ty. 
The jail buTldmg is a massive tliree-story 
structiire, built of brick. Its architecture is 
modern. Strengtli, diirability, convenience 
and secrii'ity are displayed in every part. 
Altho the IjuTldYng Ts well proportioned, and 
everytiiTng jiboi^it it Ts neat, yet its appearance 
alone is enoug=h to terrtfy. At one end Ts a 
spacious, but gloomy iron ddored hall, from 
whTeh lead tlie coiridors to the varTous parts 
of tlie jail. U]xm enterTng tiiTs, a feelTng Ts 
ex]^)erTenced tliat Ts easTer TmagTned tl^ian de- 
scribed. 

Into tliTs hall, tlic deputy escorted us. Here 
we gazed until we had pretty closely surveyed 
Tt, and Tts appurtenances. Thence he led us 
tlu'o tlie gloomy corriddi', whTc4i Ts tiie patli 
traveled by eveiy culprTt tliat Ts Tncai'cerated 
Tn thTs prTson. While standTijg at tlie iron 
gate, he told lis tliat court had jiist adjourned, 



147 

and, tiiat ^le criminals sentenced to state 
prison had not yet ])een taken avva}^ ; tiiat 
twenty-nine enminals were the inmates of ^le 
jail ; and that at Miat hcHir the cells were open, 
and tlie prisoners were taking exei'cise in the 
hall whie^i forms ^le jail room. 

This jail room is peenliar. ExceptTng tlie 
hall at tiie entrance, and the space over it, it 
consists of the first floor of tlie entire build- 
ing- Of this room, the ceiling is very high, 
and tiie windows (j4iite narrow. In tlie center 
of tlie prison is built up a durable structure 
of brick, high enough for t^iree stories ; and 
wide enougii for tw() tiers of cells. Arotmd 
Uie second and tliTrd stories of this structure, 
on tliree sides is an Iron corridor, reached by a 
flight of stairs, built of Iron. From ^is cor- 
ridor, each cell in each stoiy is entered, — as 
tlie cells of a pTgeon house are entered fi'om 
the porches tliat skTit its sides. The cells of 
the first story iire entered from the floor of tlie 
prison. Indeed, tiiTs is a kind of columbarium. 

The space between tliTs columbarium and 
Mie walls of tlie })rTs6n Ts ample, and well xeu- 
tilated. 

While looking thro tiie Iron grates, the 



148 

deputy asked iis whether we wished to go in 
and view tiie cells, &c., &c. Upon being in- 
formed tiiat we wYslied to do so, he passed iis 
thro the iron door into the dismal den in 
whT^i are turned tiie noted fiends of Mon- 
moiitli. As he turned iis in, he, of eourse, 
stayed lipon tiie outside of the door. In- 
stantly we began to siirvey and scan tiie in- 
mates. They were neither handsome nor 
agreeable. Of ^ese twenty-nine convicts, 
^ere was not one who had a tolerable counte- 
nance. Some presented faces as cruel as I 
ever siirveyed. Some looked as fierce, and as 
felonoiis as the areli-fiend described in Paradise 
Lost, while not one had a face more Tnviting 
yian tlie savages of Australia. 

As we passed Ynto tlie gl()omy diingeon, we 
heard the heavy iron door close behind iis and 
the clang of the heavy bolts. We were now 
tiirned in and locked iip wTtii the convicted 
felons. This was a situation new to iis; and, 
it bi'ought ii[) ti'ains of t^iought never awak- 
ened before. Over the face of each ©ne a pal- 
lor came never seen before. Foi', as soon as 
we realized that we had been tiii'ned into ^Ts 
jail alone, and without the means of defence, 



149 

to survey the dismal dens Uiat were Mie hab- 
itations of Miese fiends, alarm cj4iTckly passed 
over all ; and Tt was apparent in every face. 

As we passed in, near l)y tlie door were 
about twenty, so closely huddled up tliat the 
deputy had to order- tliem away before he 
durst open tlie ponderous gate to let us in. It 
was evident tliat tlie dejiuty dreaded to deal 
with these eSnvTels. It was also plain that 
to thTs ])orti6n of tlie prisoners, we were not a 
wek'ome guest ; and vsurely we were getting a 
€old and an indignant reee|)ti6n. Upon us, 
at once were turned tlie stare, or flasli, of tJiose 
eyes that would almost curdle the blood in tlie 
veins of a -eat. Indignation and impudence 
flaslied fi'om every ^wintenance. Some with 
eyes not more pleasant tlian tliose of a black- 
snake or an alligator, stepj)ed up to us too 
close to be agi-eeable. But, to tlieir language 
and tlieir demonstrations we paid but little 
attention. The pupils, as tliey had passed 
thro tlie door, stood €lose together, awaiting 
orders. It was not difftciilt to see tliat tliey 
realized where they were, and that they were 
ill at ease. 

In the gloom of the back part of the i-oom 



150 

wgs a bevy of eonvTets seated aroimd an old 
plank table pljlymg at eards. Onr advent at- 
tracted tlieir attention. Toward ns, every face 
was turned. One, wTtli liTs elbow upon the table 
and cards in his elevated hand, stared at us in 
amazement. The under jaw of another fell so 
low that one €ould almost see what he had had 
for breakfast. Anotlier whose fiendisli visage 
seemed to almost paralyze any elie who looked 
at him stared at lis Tn indignant vengeance. 
Not an agreeable face was to be seen. 

Hereupon, to the students the order, ''File 
off," was given, and Tn an instant t^iey were Tn 
line as orderly as tlio tJiey wei'e Tn a school 
room. The appearance of CHir piirty was now 
very dTfterent ; and Tt had Tts Tnfluence upon 
the jail bTrds, too. At once there wtis a dTf- 
ferent expression upon the face of tlie prison- 
ers. Their curTosity seemed aroused, and 
every one seemed Tn a rj^iandary. The pro- 
cession of teachers and students moved dl- 
rectly toward tlie old table ai'wmd whTeh ^e 
card players were seated. Biit, ere we had 
reached the table, tliei'e was not one sTttTng 
there. A cj-uTck scampei'Tng Ironi tlieir seats 
followed, — each, ene goTng hTs own way as 



151 

j"a})Tdly as possible. Had we been ui baiid of 
constables attempting to arrest tiieni for some 
heinous €rime, tiiere would not have been 
greater skedaddling. Thro Mie great corridors 
they ran, or hid tliemselves behind the colum- 
barium. As supi)le as a monkey, one ascend- 
ed the Iron frame-work tliat constitutes tlie 
porehes armind tlie columbarium, and disap- 
peared In his cell. Others followed (t-ulckly. 
This part of the scene was amusing, and pro- 
voked upon some a smile; otliers losing their 
gravity, laughed right out. It reminded iis of 
the monkeys ascending the sides of the cage 
containing tiie happy family at Barnuin's 
Museum. 

Surveying eacli part closely, we walked tiiro 
the broad brick paved cori'Idor and ascended 
the stairs, to view tlie porelies and tlie cells 
yiat f(5rm the columbarium. Slowly we mov- 
ed along ^le porches, entered many of the cells 
and critically examined cells Tind cell furniture.' 
Mean Avhile, h'om below ascended tlie voices 
of those horrid felons. Their comments were 
by no means [)olIshe(t oi- pious. But, In tiie 
main the nature of tlieir discoui'se was ratlier 
jocular. 



152 

A§ soon as the €l alter of our feet upon tiiS 
poreh of Uie third story was heard, tiie prison- 
ers who had so nimbly elimbed the iron frame 
work to es€ape wir view, now as nimbly 
threw tliemselves over tlie- banister of the 
third story poi'eh and descended tiie iron 
fi'ame work to the floor of tJie prison. So 
dexterous were their movements, and wiMi 
siieh earnestness was the descent made, that 
none of our party failed to enjoy a hearty 
laugh. 

Hereupon tilings took a decided ehange. A 
few huddled togetiier directly below iis, — ap- 
parently to Tnc(4iire of one of tJie fellows who 
had descended from tlie third story, who tiie 
visitors were. He replied : ''' Be God ! its a 
Sunday sehool witli their prea^^er." So dis- 
tmetly was tliTs conversation heard, and so 
iTidicrous did they seem to aet, tliat eaeli one 
of our party, for tlie time, lost his dignity, and 
was convulsed with laughter. 

But, our laughter wjis of sliort dilration. 
From below, tliro tlie great resounding cor- 
ridors, in tlie most melodious strains, began 
to ascend voices so sweet, uttering woi'ds so un- 
expected, that we were at once enchanted. For 



153 

a moment we stood in amazement — so still 
that it was hardly certain that we breatiied. 
A q-iiartet of these fiends sti'u^k up that piece 
of music, so well known by tlie title, " Shall 
we gather at tlie river," and sang it with sueh 
sweetness, and witli siieh piitlios that one 
might think they had learned the strain from 
^e angels in Heaven. From tiie several 
windings, off-sets, and corners of ^le corridors 
and galleries the voices echoed in the sweetest 
melody ; and when ^ley began the eliorus, 
apparently, aboiit ten well trained voices join- 
ed in, and swelled the strain until every mole- 
crile of the prison was reverberant with the 
sweetest and most heart stirring music. The 
piece I have heard siing by many a well trained 
ehoir ; but, never before had I heard the sen- 
timent so well brought oiit, nor the nmsic so 
well rendered. Indeed, one of tlie fellows 
who so nimbly ascended and descended the 
balustrade and posts of the columbarium, so 
far as voice is valued, would grace almost any 
ehoir. 

With tliis miisic, we were exceedingly de- 
lighted. Biit, just here, among tiie students 
began a train of q-aestions — the leading ones 



154 

of whieh are : How is it ^lat these f elonous 
men, with sueh fiendish faces, have ever heard 
or learned this beautiful song? Ho^^ is it 
yiat siieh scoundrels have sueh eu2>honi€ 
voices? How IS it that men whose lives are 
spent in crime can so appreciate tiie euphonic 
and the good as to train their voices to the 
rendering of sueh heart-stirring, sueii Heaven- 
ward inviting music ? 

To Mr. T. Y. Ari'owsmtth, the accomplish- 
ed" clerk of Monmoutrli County, we now paid 
our I'espects. The courtesy of tins elderly 
gentleman cj-uTckly attracted liie attention of 
botii teaciiers and pupils. WTtii dignity and 
that grace ^lat is developed in an accom- 
plished gentleman by long continuance in 
})ublTc service, he sliowed iis tlie various ap- 
pointments of tlie clerk's office and ^le clerk's 
library. 

While in tlie library, Mr. J. C. Arrow^smith, 
son of tlie clerk, siiowed iis some of the vol- 
umes containing the records of the earliest 
courts, and the records of tlie primal deeds. 
Some of ^le deeds were Indian grants m 



I 



155 

whTeh, tlie Indians (being nimble to write) 
attested by making a eross, or oilier miirk. 

Among the decisions of the primitive courts, 
(Kir attention wjis called to a sentence of deatii 
in the case of a negro who was eharged with 
the murder of a woman named Mary Wright. 
It appears from tiie record tJiat the negro, 
witii the design of getting tiie money that 
was Tn hei* possession, killed tiie woman wTtii 
a knife. He was tried Tn a court held at 
Shrewsbury, on tlie 23d, 24th and 25th of 
September, 1691 ; convicted and sentenced to 
death. 

In order to show how cHir good ancestors 
dealt wTtii malefactors, I here give a verbatim 
copy of tiie sentence of deatli, as it stands Tn 
the volume Tn whTeJi tiie record of tiiTs ancient 
court Ts made: 

" Therefore tlie court dot4i adjudge that 
thoii, the said Caesar, slialt return to tiie place 
from whence thou camest, and from theHce to 
the place of execiition, where tliy right hand 
slialt be cut off and tJirown Tnto the fire and 
burned before tiiine eyes. Then tiioii shalt 
be hanged up by the neck untTl thou art dead, 
dead, dead. Then tiiou slialt be cut down, 



156 

and burned to aslies m a fire. And so the 
Lord have mercy on tliy soal, Caesar." 

In MiTs sentence, it seems to us, tJie lan- 
guage IS strong enough to strike terror to tiie 
most obdurate heart ; and Uie method of pun- 
ishing tiie criminal, severe enough to terrify 
any malefactor. 

By Mr. Arrowsmith, we were introdiiced to 
the SiiiTogate, who kindly showed iis tlie 
library of the Orphans' Court. 

The public buildings of Monmoutli County 
are well located, handsomely built, imposing 
in appearance, and in all partTcTilars, well ar- 
ranged. Long will tlie stiidents of the Acad- 
emy remember the court house of Monmouth, 
and the philantliropic courtesy of thg county 
officers. 

After visiting the court house, we drove 
Miro all the principal streets of tlie village and 
viewed critically whatever seemed cilrious, or 
wortliy of our attention. The place is regii- 
larly planned, well built, and riehly orna- 
mented with shade trees. The ehiirelies are 
large and [tasteful. The stores are spacious 



157 

and well stocked. The arehiteeture of ^le 
dwellings is good, and in many €ases exhibits 
exq^iTsTte taste. 

The lawns about many oi the residences 
are large, and arranged a€€'ording to tlie best 
principles of art. 

Parterres ai-e numerous, and the window 
culture of flowers is by no means neglected. 
Indeed, we can say that Fi-eehold is a place of 
thrift and of beauty; and Hiat her citizens are 
enterprising, polite, courteous and philanthro- 
pic. 

The population of tlie place is 3500. In it 
are six churches: St. Peter's Episcopal, M. 
Episcopal, Presbyterian, Baptist, Reformed 
Duteli and CatliolTc. Here is a conservatory 
of music of some note; also a good classical 
Academy, The industries of tlie inhabltiints 
are mercantile and manufacturing. Freehold 
IS tlie centre of trade for an extended and 
wealthy agricultural dTstrTct. Iron Ts exten- 
sively manufactured here; here, too, Ts made 
miieh ornamental work. 

Freehold supports^ two good news-papers — 
the Monmoiitii Democrat and the Monmouth 
Republican. 



158 

ArcHind Freehold, tlie soil is a sandy loam, 
easy of tillage and veiy fertile. As a riile, it 
IS divided into large farms. These are well 
cultivated and produce excellent crops of rye, 
wheat, coin, oats, hay and potatoes. As a fer- 
tilizer, miirl is freely used. It is to this soil 
tiie fertilizer. Where ^iTs fertilizer is used, 
tiie growfeii of rye is remarkable. In almost 
any rye-field, a man six feet tall €aii stand 
erect and tie the rye into a knot over his head. 
To sliow tlie students the excellency of Hie 
growtli of this cereal, while upon tiie battle 
groiind of Monmoiitli, I went into a rye field, 
and, standing erect, took in eaeh hand a few 
steins of rye, below Hie ears, and tied tliem in 
a knot above my head. 

In Middlesex and in Monmouth, i-ye is 
much more cultivated than it is in Hunterdon, 
Warren, Somerset, Morris, Siissex or Essex. 
As we passed along, the stildcnts counted the 
fields of wheat and those of rye. From HiTs 
"cmmt, " we learn tliat in Monmouth and 
Middlesex, tliere are almost as many fields of 
rye as of wheat. 



159 

Camp Baknegat, 
5 A. M., Ju.\E 24, 1882. 

The mdi-ning dawns beautiful. The air is 
clear and salubrious. The land-wind breezing 
from tiie great forest of pines and magnolias 
IS freighted wTtli balmy odors. The song- 
birds are making Mie welkin ring wTt^i tiieir 
matin ehorus. The fish hawk, high up in the 
air, over fehe sea, is gyrating gracefully.' The 
gull IS plying his lazy wings. The long 
trains of sliore birds almost griizing Mie sea, 
send f ortli tlieir shrill ehirp and pass us wiMi 
astounding rapidity. Meanwhile, old ocean 
ceases not to send f orfeli his awful moan ; and 
the heavy plunges of the big waves daslimg 
ui)6n tiie strand fill tiie air witli noises that 
awaken emotions of the awful and the sublime. 

This IS the hour for tlie pensive ; tJiis is 
tiie season for solemn thought. At tiiis hour 
whoever can appreciate the beaiitiful, tiie sub- 
lime, the eiij^honic, tlie solemn, finds his mind 
active, every emotion aroused and his enjoy- 
ment at tiie acme. 

We have jiist returned from the strand to 
our tents. At dawn, we awoke and proceeded 
to ^e shore to wateh the rising sun. In a 



160 

row, upon a ledge of sand ^lat eommands an 
extended prospect over Hie sea, we were seat- 
ed. Carefully we surveyed tlie ethereal vault, 
from Hie horizon to tlie zenith. All was se- 
rene, excepting ^e east. There, for the 
space of 60° extended horizontally a dense 
stratus €loud. This intercepted our view of 
the emerging sun and €ast a slight gloom over 
our spirits. But, this gloom was evanescent. 
Our matin visit was still fraught with riehest 
prospects. Upon tlie €onvex seheme, near 
and far were many a sail. Here the breeze 
wafted gracefully along tlie stately man-of- 
war; there the long ocean steamer plied her 
steady way. Here the sloop spreads her sail 
to eateh the gentle breeze ; yonder tlie full 
rigged siiip, the waves of tlie ocean oiitrldes. 
Far over the convex selieme, a gallant ship 
displays her streamer, but hides her rigging 
and her hull ; nearer by, floats a bark, that 
shows her sails, but hides her deck. 

Jiist beyond the hill of the ocean sails a 
ship whose deck and rigging are seen. Near- 
er by, upon Hie briny hill is seen a sail whose 
hull and rigging alike appear. Thus was dis- 
played the grandeur, the majesty and the 



161 



beauty of o^ean barks, and every phase of the 
eonvexTty of Mie ocean seen, and every feature 
of a near or distant sliip studied. 

As tJie air is €lear of haze, the range of 
vi'sion IS extended. Far do^vn Mie beaeii the 
pier at Asbury Park is seen. Fartiier on, we 
des€ry the pier at Long Braneli, and tiie flags 
that wave over tiie great hotels tliereat. Near- 
er by, upon tiie strand, appears many a €Ozy 
€ottage and many a grand hotel. Up the 
beaeh, as far as ©ne ean see, extends tlie 
knolly dune. Perehert upon tiiis elevation, 
far in tlie distance, to eateli tlie breeze from 
the sea, or the land wind, is seen lines of €ot- 
tages, embryoiiK' villages and isolated hotels. 

As w^e faced the west, stretehing out to the 
limits of vision, extend tlie f oiests of pine and 
swamps of magnolia. Thus, variety of land- 
scape entertains and balmy breezes invigorate. 

While I am writing, all are busy. The 
ladies are frying fisli, and preparing break- 
fast ; the bo^^s are writing uj) tlieir note books 
and completing some sketehes tliat tliey be- 
gan yesterday ; little Ben and Polly are gath- 
ering sliells by tlie sea ; the €oa6hman is 
gToommg the team, and all are ^eerful. All 



162 

are antic-ipating a good time by tiie sea, and 
m tiie sea, when breaklast is ended. 



Camp PJarnegat, 
11 A. M., JuxE 24th. 
Just returned from a ramble up Mie strand. 
The spirits of all are high. We have walked 
several miles ; the air is excessively hot and 
some €omj)lain tliat they are a little tired. 
Eaeli claims that he has had a good time and 
tliat there is nofeliTng else so delightful as an 
eneampment by the strand. 
. As we strolled do^n the strand, tlie sun 
slione brightly ; the breeze was bahny ; tlie 
sea was ealm ; the sand along the dune was 
parehing hot ; but, tlie sea rocket and tlie 
sand sword-grass were as green as meadow 
grass upon a May morning. The spirits of 
the stiidents were light and tliey were alive to 
the beaiities of tlie landseape, and to all Mie 
©harms that tlie ramble €ould present. Here 
was an Tntelle^tuial feast. Here was spread 
before us, Tn brightest €ol6rs, the handiwork 
of Him who IS tiie Autlior of the beaiitTful 
and tlie good. And, upon lis, tliese things 



163 



made a lasting impression. Ob, sueii scenery 
inspires devotion ! Siieii scenery stirs Mie 
sonl and leads men's tlionghts oiit irom them- 
selves, to €ontemi)late the greatness, the good- 
ness, and tiie wondrousness of tiie Arehlte^t 
Divine ! Is Miere a stronger incentTve to ado- 
ration, yian a siinny morning by thS sea? 
Who €an survey tliat billowy deep, tJiat ceru- 
lean sky, that beaming sun and tlie verdant 
strand witliout a feeling of awe, of wonder- 
ment, of adoration? As I contemplate these 
tilings I experience an overflow of soul tliat 
seeks relief in those oft repeated words: 

"Great and marvelous iire Thy works, oh 
Lord of hosts ; in wisdom hast Thoi.i made 
tliein all ! " "Bless Mie Lord, oh my soul!" 
" Talk ye of all IlTs wondrous works." " I 
wTU praise Thee, Oh Lord, among tlie people." 
" One generation sliall praise Tby works to 
anotlier, and sliall de-elare Thy mighty a-cts.'' 
" Ob, that men would praise the Loi'd for HTs 
goodness and for His wonderful works to the 
ehlldren of men." 

Upon tlie sliore lay many a beautiful pebble 
and many a curYous slicU. Here were sea 



164 

weeds in great profusion ; hei*e were bones of 
many a marine monster ; here were fragments 
of many a wreckert sliTp — eaeh and all strewed 
along in sii^ a way as to make oiir journey 
€urious and the speetaele awful. Here we 
admired the slilnmg pebbles ; tliere we viewed 
the €urious sliell. Here the wind ex€avated 
^e sandy diine; there tlie eddying wave piled 
its wondrous treasures. So, €iiriosity suc- 
ceeded ciiriosity, m pleasing siiecession, until 
the ramble was long and the party weary. 
And yet our ramble was not wi^out inter- 
ruptions. Many were tlie pleasing incidents 
that "happened by the way. And, sometimes 
we halted to view a passing steamer, some- 
times to view the distant sail. 

Upon his return, eaeh one seems to be 
heavily laden witii sea s4iells and sueh curios- 
ities as are commonly found upon a sea beaeh. 
The note books are out, and in ^le open air, 
and Til the blaze of tlie sun, witli pencil in 
hand, eaeii ene is seated as siiits best his con- 
venience, or his fancy; some sit upon logs of 
drTft-wood ; othei's upon hillocks ol sand ; 
otiiers upon camp chairs. But, in whatever 
way seated, eaeli ene is faeliioiiTng the records 



165 

of Mie mornmg, or sketeJung some noteworthy 
landscape. It is c]-uiet no^v. Excepting the 
roar of tiie sea, not a sound is to be heard. 
The sand Ts piu-eliTng hot; and the blades of 
sand grass are as motionless as if tiiere never 
had been a wind. 

Aboi.it tiiree miles sMitii of Bay Head Ts a 
site at whTeli tlie opportiinTty for studying the 
subsidence or sinking of tiie ^ew Jersey 
€oast Ts very favorable. Especially Ts tliTs so 
when the tide Ts otit. At sueh times, at tliTs 
place, Til the bottom of the sea may be seen, Tn 
natiiral posTtion, a sea-kTUed and a sea-pre- 
sei'ved sod. ThTs sod some years ago, (per- 
haps centHrTes ago, ) was tlie sward of a salt 
meadow tliat extended between tlie dunes and 
Barnegat Bay. ThTs old sod, as seen Tn tlie 
bottom of the sea, OAvTng to tlie amwint of 
peat entangled Tn tlie grass roots, Ts almost 
black. In thTckness, Tt ranges from eight 
Tnehes to a foot. It Ts very strong or tough ; 
and wTtli the hands, or wTth a hoe, Tt may be 
torn up, Tn liirge ^akes, whTeh sometimes are 
two feet wide, four feet long and a foot thTck. 
Of the upper surface of these eakes 5f sod, 



166 

tlie api)eai"ance is very similar to that of tlie 
salt meadow sod, now growmg behind the 
dunes less Hi an 200 yards away. The stems 
of the salt meadow grass are well preserved ; 
while tiie root and the fibres of the roots not 
only look like those of a ITvTng sod, but are yet 
very strong; — indeed, tlie toughness of tliTs 
ancient sward is entirely owing to the strengtii 
of tliese roots and fibi'es. 

During a storm, when tlie force of the 
weaves IS sufficient, portions of tliTs ancient 
sod are torn iip, broken to pieces and east 
upon the strand. As fwmd here, the frag- 
ments are irregular in size, seldomly more 
tlian ten Tnelies thick and two feet long, — 
somewhat rounded at tlie €orners and the 
edges by the a-etion of tlie waves. They are 
never found in abundance at any place; but 
pieces may be picked iip at almost any site 
upon Hie strand of tlie Sq-iian peninsula. 
When dry, they burn somewhat as di'y peat 
biirns, but more ])rTskly. As found upon tlie 
shore by the non-sclentifie, ^ey are objects 
tliat elicit tiie wildest €onje€tures, and pro- 
voke tlie strangest and tlie longest line of 



167 

questions. The name Ijy vvhT«^i ^i§y <ii'e 
loeally known is "IS^Tgei'-heads." 

Beneath IhTs sod is white sand. This sand 
in all partTcTilars, resembles tliat* whMi is 
l^eneath the sod tJiat skirts Biirnegat Bay. 
When exposed to Hie action of llie waves, it 
soon looks so mueli like that whieli forms the 
surface of the strand here, that it is not pos- 
sible to tell what part has been exposed the 
longest. 

Approxliiiately, it is not diftT^iilt to tell tlie 
time when this ancient sod was between ^e 
diine and Barnegat Bay, and sustained a 
growfeli of salt meadow grass. As is sliown 
in my leetiire on tlie Oscillation of €oasts, the 
land upon tins €oast lias settled down at the 
rate of one foot during tlie period of twenty- 
five yeai's. We now find this sod in the bot- 
tom of the sea, at a level nine feet below the 
sod that skirts Barnegat Bay. Allo^nng 
tliat when green wTth living salt grass, it was 
at a level wTtli tliat wliT#h now skirts the bay, 
it must have been as mueli as two hundred 
and t went} -five yeai's ago since it was a 
ITvTiio: sod. 

While upon this advantageous site, and 



168 

after some time spent in examining the 
ancient sod, and the evidences of subsidence, 
or sinking of the strand, the students listened 
to a lectiire upon the oscillation of the coast of 
'New Jersey, and upon tlie oscillation of lands 
in general. 

When we had returned from our ramble iip 
the strand, we prepared to batlie. And now 
that bathing. What sensations it produces I 
To the beginner, ho^-^ sciiry Tt is ! How cau- 
tiously he ventiires in! At first he scarcely 
braves the surf! But soon courage monies! 
Then see that bT^- wave comino! How Tt 
swells! How it rises! And as Tt nears iis 
how frightful Tt looks ! See Tts ciirlTng, poiir- 
Tng, raging crest! See! It Ts comTng over 
our heads! Bo-g-o! Oh! Ho^v! How cold! 
How cold Tt Ts! It fairly ehTUs me! What a 
rouser that wjis ! Clear over our heads ! How 
Tt strangled me! And tliere comes anotlier! 
Stand for Tt — hold me firmly! Side to tlie 
sea! JS^o^v! see ho-v\^ Tt hastens! How ma- 
jestTcally Tt swells ! H(hv high Tt is ! 'TwTU 
drown us siire ! Bo-o-g ! Oh ! Oh ! Oh ! How ! 
How cold — how cold Tt Ts! And yonder Ts 
another! Stand for Tt — side to the sea! JSTow, 



169 

as it meets us, feel its gentle but awful swell! 
Feel it lift us from tlie sand! 'Now, how 
gently we rise wiHi tlie swelling wave ! Jlow 
gallantly our heads rise above tlie erest ! How 
gently we settle upon tlie sand ! And as Mie 
wave has passed iis, see how furiously it 
hastens towards Hie strand ! RusliTng, roaring, 
tumbling, rolling, raging, foaming, till it 
spreads in snrf upon tlie sandy strand. But 
look seaward! That long ridge of distant 
swell IS an advancino: wave! As it nears iis, 
higher it rises! Silently and majestieally it 
hastens on! ISTow, stand for it; and as we 
feel its lifting swell, a gentle leap will aid iis 
in keeping our heads arid shoulders above its 
awful €rest. Higher and higher it grows! 
It is now higher tlian our heads ! The trough 
IS passing iis! Now it begins to lift iis! 
Leap! Oh! How" grandly it projected iis 
skyward! Hchv nicely it siistained our heads 
above its foaming erest! Hrnv grand to look 
over old ocean from ^le crest of a wave. O! 
What fiin t() bathe! What fiin to batlie! 
llow^ I like tlie foamy wave and tlie siirfy 
flow! Rise high, old wave yoiir foamy crest, 
and breatlie that awful roar! Ho^v I like to 



170 

brave vcki ! How I like yoiir lifting swell Snd 
to peer from yoiir foamy €rest. 

Althd the students, in tiie main, seemed to 
enjoy tliTs season of biitlimg, we did not go 
into the sea for sport. Cei'taTn principles 
relative to the aetion of the waves are best 
learned by going out Tnto the sea, to siieh a 
distance that tiie €rest of ^e advancing wave 
rises higher than the student's head. A€€ord- 
Tngly, eaeh m his turn, was taken to a suitable 
distance fi'oin the sliore and properly stationed 
in a s^fe place by the side of his teaser. 
While here, eaeli experienced that strange 
sensation whieli every one feels when he is in 
the center of a wave that is high enough to 
overwhelm him. Of this exercise, students at 
first usually have a dread. But, tliere needs 
be no fear. In it, tliere is no danger. And, 
soon, most students like t() be taken into the 
biggest wave. For, in tliat position, tliere is 
no dasli, puslimg ©ne toward tlie shore, nor 
from the sliore. But, pressed ecj4ially upon 
either side, the swell ITfts ©ne clear of the sand 
and lets him down again in the same place. 
The next wave behaves in the same way, — 
lifts him from tlie bottom and lets him do^vii 



171 

Tn exactly tlie same place. And, other things 
being etj-aal, here ©ne might stand till dooms- 
day, never moved by the waves to tlie east, to 
^e west, to the nortli, or to ^le soufeli. The 
action of eaeh suecessive wave is to lift ©ne 
elear of ^e sand and place bim back again 
upon the same place. 

This experiment settles Mie great pi'oblem of 
tiie behavior of waves. The movement of the 
waves does not transport water from ©ne side 
of Mie ocean to tlie other. The movement is 
vertieal, — tliat is, it is toward the sky, and 
then toward the bottom of tlie sSa. The water 
of a wave moves toward the land only Tn those 
places Tn whTeli the sea Ts so shallow tiiat tliere 
Ts not enough water along tlie land side of Mie 
wave to counteract ^le greater amount iipon 
the opposTte or sea side. 

The call to dTnner Ts urgent ; I sliall have 
to place pencTl and paper away and carve some 
of tliose blue f T&li. At tlie sea, blue fTsh and 
coffee are luxurTes. Altlio the table seems 
loaded down wTtii otJier "good thTngs," blue 
fTsh and coffee, and bread and butter are eaten 
most extensively. In fact, a hungry student 



172 

goes at a blue fMi voraciously. And it is 
well that he does. It is good for him. 

Diumg at tlie sea is never done in a hurry. 
Eaeli one eats as leisurely as if tliTs was his 
final task, and he wished to make it as long 
as possible. Eaeh one seems as uneoncerned 
as if all his effects were upon his body. As 
we ate, the pleasilres of tlie past were re- 
viewed, tlie enjoyments of Uie pi-esent were 
discussed, and Hie prospect of the fiitiire part 
of tlie trip rairtiifully and vividly portrayed. 
None spoke of home, or of friends left behind. 
One might have supposed tliat eaeh ©ne had 
wTHi him all his effects and every friend and 
eveiy relative. Siieh is tent life with stiidents 
by the sea. 



Camp Barnegat, 
7 P. M., June 24th. 
DnrTng tlie early part of tlie afternoon, Hie 
students wrote up tlieir notes, adjusted tlieir 
^loHiing, fixed their tent and scientifT€ ecj-iiip- 
ments and packed away tlie shells and otlier 
material gatliered diirmg the forenoon. Ea^i 
ene seemed to be as busy as a bee and as 



173 

happy as an elf. Quietude and Tndustiy pre- 
vailed. 

At 4 o'clock, to view, we repaired to Uie top 
of the hig^hest knoll on tiie diine. The sea 
breeze was strong and Hiere was a haze in Uie 
air whieli somewhat interfered witli (hiv work. 
But, wTtli tlie teles€ope, wTMiTn tlie range of 
vision, it was easy to define any object tiiat 
moved upon the deep, or rested upon the 
slidre. From tiiis point, we looked over the 
awful sea, watched the moving barks, saw^ 
ships disappear and appear, marked Hie steady 
movement of the huge ocean steamer, and 
listened to tlie roar of tlie plunging waves. 
Here we contemplated ; here we eujofy^ed. 
This was an hour for enlaro-Tiio^ the mind and 

• — o — o 

expanding the soul. For, su-eli scenery not 
only delights, but it enlarges, expands and re- 
fines the soul. It makes tlie student larger, 
more -eomprehensTve and more benevolent. It 
cultivates tliat element of mind tliat deals with 
grandeur ; and, as a €onseq-uence, leads the 
student mtc) tliose lines of study and reflection 
that elevate him and make him better. 

While upon the knoll, tlie students listened 



174 

to a le€trire whT^ discussed Coasts, Shore 
Formations, Dunes, &c., &c. 

At 7 o'clock, P. M., we ate supper. Crav- 
ing appetites demanded a large supply of blue- 
fish and straw beri'Tes. And, by tiie way, 
among tiie students, tliese two articles are 
favorite supper disiies. Indeed, they are sel- 
domly refused at any meal. 

After supj)er there was a general ehange of 
apparel. The hour for batliing drew on. 
Eaeh anticipated k good time, and lots of 
sport. All assembled at the sea. And now, 
what a time! At first, only into the surf 
tiiey venture. Biit, emboldened by tlie ex- 
perience of tiie moi'iiTng, soon they begin to 
ventiire o^it into tlie breakers. Tumbling and 
rolling €*6mes a big wave! Ho-o-o, — ho-o-o ! 
And dcHwn goes every gTrl, — headlong into the 
watei- ! We-o ! We-o ! We-o ! And as iin- 
gi'aceful as a rat miiking his eseape from a 
soap barrel, eaeh girl struggles to regain the 
ereet position, and a snug appeai-ance. But, 
— Ha-o! Ha-o! Ha-o! There advances anotlier 
wave ; and, by its rolltng €rest, headlong and 
landward are dashed the girls again. We-o! 
We-o ! Ha-o ! And ^e €ali€o is as fast to 



175 

eaeh girl's skin as ^e paper is to a papered 
wall. Dro^vning kittens never looked more 
sleek, nor half so miieli €oncerned about ^leir 
appearance. Sleek heads, sleek backs, sleek 
arms — aye, rather a sleek looking set of girls. 
But siieli a sf^iiabbling and sii^ a s€ram- 
blTng, and su^ a plaslimg, and tumbling. 
The poi'poises tliemselves wouldn't cut siieh a 
figure. And then sueh an effort to help eaeh 
other uj) — whieh only helps eaeh. other do^'n. 

But, there rolls on anotlier wave ; and, be- 
fore half tiie girls are on their feet — splilnge ! 
And buried up is every girl, — headloug, tumb- 
ling, scrambling landward tliey go! Then, as 
the wave has pjissed them — Ha-o ! Ha-o ! 
Ha-o ! from eveiy mouth as their sleek heads 
peer above tlie foaming sea. And tiien — oh, 
oh, oh my ! Oh-oh-oh-dear ! And tlien there 
€6mes another lireaker. And tlie old wave 
advances ur-i'-r-r-r ! Splunge! And upon the 
bottom of tiie sea Is rolled a bevy of scram- 
bling girls again. 

Thus, ups and do^vns, tumbles and plashes, 
scf^iallTngs and shriekings, piillmg and lifting 
make the business of tiie hour. To be sure, 
this IS good exercise — just the kind to insure 



176 

sound and tranc]4iTl sleep, — but it seems to me 
yiat none but girls eould like it. 

Meanwhile the bo^ s, trained to tliose bull- 
frog- movements they €all swimming, ai-e 
gliding tliro tlie water like dipper diicks, — 
sometimes iipon tlie very -erest of a wave, 
sometimes in the trough between two waves, 
sometimes plunging tliro a rolling breaker. 



Camp Barnegat, 
2 A. M., Ju>fE 26, 1882. 

Yesterday was the Sabbath. The Aca- 
demies observed it as Hie Lord's day — not in 
listless loiinging ; not in parade ; not in idle 
prating ; not in senstial conversation ; not in 
sport nor yet in strife to out do eaeh otlier in 
a display of apparel — but in seriously con- 
templating the works of tlie Architect Divine; 
— in looking thro the works of nature iip to 
natiire's God. And in tliis respect, well did 
eaeli stildent acq-iiit himself diiring the entire 
day. 

The morning dawned beaiitiful. Upon tlie 
ceriilean vault was seen not a clwid. The 
balmy breeze from tiie pines blew gently to- 



1T7 

ward tlie sea. SSve tiie shrill note of ^le f i&h 
hawk, tiiere was heard not a sound of beast or 
bird ; and yet there was not stillness. The 
deep Bound of Mie plung'Tng waves, and that 
heavy moan of tiie swinding sea, filled the air 
with noises tiiat were awful, and made tiie 
morning: solemn. 

Before the last star had disappeared, we 
closed our tents and went down to the beaeh 
to see tlie sun rise. 

All assembled upon ^e strand and pen- 
sively awaited the coming- sun. The gull 
skimmed the briny sea, tlie fish-hawk €leaved 
tJie air, the snowy sail majestically phnved the 
i-nffled deep, the foaming wave dashed against 
tlie sandy sliore. Biit soon, far off over the sea 
was seen a bright spot. That spot marked 
tiie direction m which we saw" tlie sun rise. 
As we gazed, all became attentive. See thei-e 
beneath that bright spot, — see that speck of 
fire ! That is the upper limb of the disk of 
the siin. Larger and larger it grows, llo-vv 
it glows — ho^v gi-acefully it increases ! 'Now 
it IS a half disk, now it is a globe lipon a 
slilnmg pedestal, now the figure has arisen 
clear of the waves. 

H2 



178 

How €uiTous ^18 moriimg sun! How soft 
his light ! We gaze upon his genial face wTtli 
a§ little dazzling of tlie eyes, as we would 
upon an ordinary lamp. But, as he ascends, 
bi ighter he grows, fiercer are his rays ; more 
fiery is his face, until high up in the sky he 
reveals more fully his di8tin€tive q^ialities. 

Sunrise at sea has always been regarded a 
delightful scene. And well it may. No one 
€an adecj-iiately describe it ; no one can pietiire 
it. It alike defies the painter and the rheto- 
rician. And, so evanescent are ^le phases that 
^ey utterly baffle tlie skill of the photog- 
rapher. As it is appearing from behind the 
earth, it seems to emei'ge from the siirface of 
&e sea. At first, there is seen a mere speck 
of bright light. Soon appears a crescent of 
yellow light. This soon becomes a half disk. 
Next, the half disk seems to be supported 
upon a cylinder that slowly elongates and 
brightens, and as it elongates, conti'acts at 
that part whieli rests upon the sea. This con- 
tracted part soon appears to be an aerial ped- 
estal upon whieh rests a hiige globe glowing 
with heat. But while we are gazing, ^le con- 
tracted part of the pedestal becomes attenii- 



179 

ated, grows more and moi'e slender ilntil it ig 
not visible. Just at tJiTs juncture, there 
seems to be an ascendinj:; globe of fire, under 
"whieli IS a most beaiitiful cireiilar area of very 
bi-ight yellow light. 

AVhen the sun is just rising, its light does 
not dazzle the eyes. It €an be viewed with 
^le utmost ease. For this }>henomenon we 
assign this reason : The stratum of atmos- 
phere directly above the surface of the sea, is 
densely ehiirged wTfeh moistiire. This moist- 
Tire, as in the case of fog and cloud, absorbs a 
large part of the siin's rays, and so soften 
those that it does not absorb, ^lat they make 
upon tiie eye ratlier an agreeable impression. 

But when it has ascended ^le sky but a few 
de grees, its brightness is intense ; and upou 
the surface of the watei*, m tiie direction of 
the siin, is a s})arklTng sheen from whieh the 
reflected rays dazzle the eyes almost as miieh 
as do those ^lat emanate directly from the 
blazing sun. This i>hen6menon is ciirious 
and beautiful. 

When we had satiated our minds wTfeh ^le 
delights of sunrise, and the beauties , ^lat 
attend a morning landscape by tiie sea, we 



180 

repaired to wir €amp and prepared breakfast. 
Craving stomaelis impatiently waited Uie €all. 
But at lengtli, the call was heard; and ^e 
Academies assembled around the long table 
to eat ^ Sunday morning breakfast by the sea. 

During tlie foi'enoon, q-iiletude prevailed. 
Hardly a so^md w^s heard. The sky was 
•eloudless. The sun slione brightly and tlie 
air was excessively hot. Our tiiermometer 
indicated 105° at 11.05 o'clock. The air was 
almost motionless. ISTot a leaf stirred. Even 
^le mosq-iuto ceased his lute. To the eyes 
tlie blazing air was painful. To tlie bare foot, 
the heat of tlie sand was unbearable. 

The students passed &e time each m his 
own way ; some slept, some read the Bible. 
As a sail upon Barnegat Bay was a part of 
"the program of tlie tour, and as tlie afternoon 
of tlie 25th had been set down as &e time for 
said sail, the stiidents looked forward to tins 
afternoon witli fond anticipations. We dined 
rather early — about 11.30 o'clock. At 12 M. 
we went upon a yacht and set sail. At first 
tiiere was but little wind, Snd the movement 
of ^le yacht wis slow, steady and delightfiil. 
But in a few mmiites a breeze li'om Hie S, W, 



181 

filled the sails ; and, for a short time, we 
moved along at ^e rate of seven miles an 
hour. As tlie breeze was eonstant and Tini- 
form, the movement of the bark was steady 
and graceful ; and tiie ride was delightful. 
Indeed, some were so delighted with tlie sail 
that tiiey seemed to be almost in a pensive 
transport. 

But, suddenly tlie wind became flawy. 
With tiie first gust, we were not mueli affect- 
ed. But, soon another -eame, — bigger than 
tlie first. This made an impression, not only 
upon the yacht, but also upon the captain and 
his mate. The riggmg was somewhat sliifted 
and all seemed to be doing well. But, soon 
ano^ier and heavier gust struck the sail. 
This elicited from tlie captain a voliime of 
nautical words, some of whTe4i were jilst as 
naughty as they were nautical. Then tiiere 
was hurry; then tiiere was anxiety. To us, 
the captain pretended tiiat he feared no 
danger. But, his pretences hjid not tlie de- 
sii'ed effect. The case was too transparent. 
His feelings were too easily read. Yet, tlie 
students maintained perfect composiire and 
behaved gallantly. 



182 

In less than three minutes ano^er gust 
€ame. This struck tlie sail with su©h force 
^at it broke the mast off at tiie socket, and 
swept the entire iTggTng clear ot the deck. 
Held by the -eordage, the mast and sail lay 
floating along side of tlie hull. At this 
juncture, we were indeed m a helpless con- 
dition. The captain was greatly frightened, 
but behaved well. His language showed tliat 
he was so terrified that, for the moment he 
knew not what he said, nor what he did. But 
soon his presence of mind was apparent, and 
he gave the signal for aid. In a short time a 
number of yachts and skiffs were along side 
of the wreck. Among these was one sent out 
by the yacht company to take charge of the 
ciew. Upon this we went, and the captain 
of this yficht? to iinTsh the engagement tliat 
the company had made with us, set sail up 
y^e bay. 

Dilring the catastrophe and subsecjiient to 
it, the stiidents displayed such composiire and 
siieh prowess that they won the encomiums of 
all who visited the wreck, or learned the 
history of it upon the shore. Excepting one, 
all were less frightened than the captain and 



183 

his mate. There was no eonsternation. Eaeh 
ene maintained his or her position as com- 
posedly as if it was an o€€iirrence that had 
happened to tiiem eveiy day since ^ey were 
born." 

The wi-eck of tiie yacht has been so well de- 
scribed in an essay by one of the stndents, Miss 
Jennie Dilts, that I have placed it in the ap- 
pendix to this volume. For a further and more 
vivTd description, see the essay, appendix B. 

Barnegat Bay is picturesq-ue. On the east 
IS the dune that divides it from the sea ; on 
yie west, IS tiie great pine forest Miat stretelies 
away as far as ene can see. Between tiiese 
and ^e bay is a low, narrow plain, sTniious, 
indented with coves and estiiaries, and beaii- 
tifully covered with a sward of green. 

In the bay are nrimerous small islands. 
These too, are covered with grass so thick 
and so even that each presents Mie appearance 
of a well di-essed lawn. Between tJiese islands 
the belts of tlie Barnegat extend. In some 
places they are a mile wide ; in other places 
biit a hundred feet. Biit whethei* wide or 
narrow, ^ey are eaeli and all extremely beaii- 
tiful. Indeed, diiring a calm, there is not a 



184 
ripple, and the surface of eaeh is like a siieen 

Wn '"-'1 w 

oi silver. 

Upon tills beautiful surface, meandering 
amid tiiese grass elad Islands, we spent tlie 
afternoon. Here was a season for tiiolight. 
Here was a time for tiie enjoyment of tlie 
beanties of natiire. Free from the bustle and 
turmoil of prating €OX€ombs, gaudy fops, and 
clamorous bigots, we gave o-urselves iip to the 
contemplation of the works of JS^atiire, and of 
^le wisdom and goodness of Him who formed 
^em. Who €an look upon so beailtTful a 
landscape and not adore HTm who formed it ? 
Who can enjoy siieh delights — sueh a feast of 
tlie beantiful and good — and not look up to 
Him who IS tlie author of them with thanks- 
giving and with praise? Who can contem- 
plate ^le beautiful and the good in the objects 
that environ us, and not adore tlie Architect 
who conceived and fasiiioned them. 

By the niitives, we are told tiiat the weather 
of tiie forenoon of the 25th was Mie hottest 
ever known upon tlie Atlantic coast. At 
©nee, many of the seafaring men predicted 
^at it would be followed by a cyclone — or a 
" harry cane " as they call it. And tlieir pre- 



185 

dietions were verified. Before Mie close of 
Hie day, we were visited by a cyclone the like 
of wliT-eh 1 had never before seen, and such as 
I had never read of. It was terrific. To de- 
scribe it and its eifects would req-ulre a vol- 
nme. Suffice it to say, while it brought us no 
loss it afforded us many rich lessons. Some 
tliought Mie dark day had come, and began to 
examine their faitli. Biit tlie stiidents are so 
milred to what some call danger tliat tliey look 
ujjon tlie wildest play of the elements wTtli 
composiire and delight. Conseq4iently, to 
those terrific peals of thunder that made the 
earth vibrate as if it was suifermg an eartrh- 
ci4iake, tliey g ave an attentive and stiidious ear. 
AVhile some sought the innermost recesses of 
buildings, and tlie most secliided i)laces to 
sliield their eyes from tlie blinding glare of the 
fierce lightning, tlie stiidents looked out of 
tlie windows in studious composiire. To the 
sweeping wind tliat prostrated trees, tore iip 
fences and blew do^vn oi- carried away build- 
ings, they gave stiidious attention. 

Anticipating a severe gale, about 6 o'clock, 
our host. Captain Chadwick, had advised us 
to take down our tents, and j^?k them and 



186 

our valuables away, and ^en mvited iis to 
accept tiie lise of Mie hoiise in whieh he lived 
but a few weeks before. This favor we keen- 
ly appreciated and heartily accepted. As the 
building was less than a hundred yai'ds away 
we easily and q-uickly transjjorted oiir eflects 
into it. ^or did we a€€ompliBli oi.ir work too 
soon. When the last articles were brought 
in, the storm began. At fu'st the rain fell in 
torrents ; but ^e wind was steady. Soon the 
wind became flawy and tlie ah* almost as dark 
as night. Then followed tliunder tliat made 
the earth vibrate like an earthquake, and light- 
ning that I feared would cause jDermjinent 
blindness. The sash of the windows rattled 
so hard that I thought the glass would be 
broken out. The house rocked violently, and 
twice we felt tlie west end of it lifted fi-om the 
foiindation. Lighted up by the flashes of 
lightnmg the air seemed to be full of diist, 
sand, leaves, limbs of trees and tlie like. In- 
deed, destruction seemed to prevail. 

Fortunately for us, the buTldmg m whieh 
we were, was built by the U. S. Government 
for a life preserviug station. Jt was but one 
story high, 36x18 feet, built of tlie best of 



187 

hard pine, filled m wi^i brick and standing 
with a wmdowless end toward the southwest, 
— the q^iarter from whieh the cyclone -eame. 
Altho new, Mie bail dings of Bay Head, a little 
below us, and wit of tlie central track of ^le 
cy€lone, suffered severely. So did tiiose at 
Point Pleasant and Manasc^ian, farther down. 
At tiiese places, some buildings were entirely 
demolished. 

The belt covered by this cyclone was nar- 
row — not more ^lan ten miles wide, in the 
widest place ; and in many places less than 
two miles wide. It began upon the 40° par- 
allel of latitiide, in Pennsylvania, not far west 
of the Delaware River. It followed, excepting 
slight variations, ^iis parallel across N. J., 
and oiit over the ocean as far as heard from. 
As it moved, it increased in violence until it 
reaehed the sea. Fortiinately, miieh of its 
course extended thro ^le pines of N. J., and 
disti'icts not much improved. 

The flawy wind that caused our shipwreck 
at aboiit 1 o'clock, P. M., was biit an initial 
movement of this terrific cyclone. 



188 

Ocea:n^port, ^. J., 
2 A. M., June 27, 1882. 

Upon grounds owned by Mie venerable Ed- 
mond West, near Uie toll-gate iipon tlie pike, 
we pitelied our tents last evening at 7 o'€loek. 
The site is in an ilnf enced" grove — umbrageous 
and pleasant. At ©nee we proceeded to pre- 
pare supper, and do tlie evening ehores pecu- 
liar to tent life. Industry and systematic 
procedure were everywhere apparent. In due 
time, voracious appetites were satisfied and 
the table f urnitilre and the ciilinary apparatus 
placed away. There seemed to be ac abund- 
ance of hilmor : and mirtliful conversation 

> ■' ' ' 

made the season pass pleasantly. But, almost 
before the gloaming had merged into darkness 
upon ouv blankets we extended our limbs, and 
soon became oblivious of all that had eng aged 
us during tlie day. To r|4iiet tlie nerves and 
to insiire sleep, the vocation of tlie day has 
been more potent tlian poppy, mandragora, 
chloral, or any dro^vsy syriip in tlie world. 
And how sweet tliis sleep! Ho^v q-iiiet this 
repose ! In either tent, not the stir of a limb 
nor a heavy breath ! As gentle is tlie breatliing 
as in the repose of sleeping babe§. How 



189 

felicitous the su€cessi6n, — upon a day of rieh- 
est viewing follows a night of sweetest sleep. 
The site upon whieli owv tents are pitted 
is a place tliat we have often o€€upied before. 
The gentleman owning it, altho in his 92d 
year, is not more venerable by reason of his 
great age, tiian by his unfeigned generosity. 
Born at Wolf Hill, Monmoutii County, IST. J., 
A. D., Mar-eh 9th, 1791, this man has so 
strictly lived in a€€ordance with tlie laws of 
his being, tliat, to-day his port is ere^t, his 
gait firm and stately, his countenance full, 
his face unshrTveled, his eye lustrous, and his 
voice free from tiiat harsimess so eharacter- 
istic of the aged. And yet, Miis man does not 
look young. In his visage may be read the 
trials, tlie experiences and Mie wisdom tliat 
€an be possessed only by those who have ITve'd 
ninety odd years. Cheerful and affable, genial 
and complaisant, he seems a paragon to whieh 
may be turned tlie stndious attention of both 
^le yoiing and tlie old. For four successive 
years have I clasped tiie hand of this old gen- 
tleman. Invariably, warm and cordial has 
been his grasp, and warmly has he welcomed 
us to his grove. We venerate ^e old man. 



190 

May he long live, and may Providence mete 
oiit to him all the ehanges that may happen to 
him during these senile years in mercy, and 
may he, at last, " enter into tliat rest that re- 
mainetli to the people of God." 

Monday dawned cloudy and €ool. The du- 
ties of tlie morning were attended to in proper 
time and in pi-oper manner. 

As the time was drawing near when we 
would break camp, eaeh began to adjust his 
little effects, and to store ^lem Tn safe places 
in the carry-all. Bi'eakfast was soon ready, 
and with AcademT-e piety we assembled 
arwind the long table to eat our last meal by 
the sea. We felt somewhat sad at the 
thought that we must sliortly leave tlie sceneg 
that had afforded us so many delights. But 
the " vim " of the stndents was not yet all 
gone. Wit, mirth, the pensive remark and 
^le phTloso|>hT€ observation, eacii Tn tiirn 
arose irom ^e vai'Toiis parts of tlie circle. 
Appetites were good and all ate as tho eaeh 
one was prepai'mg for some arduous task. 

When our effects were packed Tn tlic carry- 
all, and we were ready to take a partTng view, 
all went down to tliS strand. A while, Tn 



191 

silence we gazed over the deep, — at sail and 
steamer, at waves and spray, at g-nll and eagle; 
— and then t-asting ©ne longing, lingering 
look behind, we started for tiie earry-all and 
sped away to view the villages by tlie sea. 

Along the €oast, at sliort intervals, from 
Barnegat Bay to Shrewsbury RTver, have 
sprung up, wTtliTn ^e last few years, a num- 
ber of thrlvTno' vTllag'es. These vTllao:es are 
far-famed as resorts for sueli as seek, during 
hot weather, tiie sea breeze. During the Sum- 
mer, they are visited by thousands. From 
all jmrts of Ameri€a tliey eome ; nor is it iin- 
common to find here, with a span of handsome 
horses, the opulent Englishman and German, 
the Russian and Austrian. 

These villages are all tastefully planned and 
well built. Many of tliem display the best 
specimens of modern aehiteetiire, and tlie 
ehoicest work in landscape gardening. In- 
deed, they all abound in the ornate. What- 
ever wealtii €an induce tlie arehiteet, the 
engineer, the meehairc to do, has been done 
in planning and building tliese villages. 
Hence, ^ley abound in the rieJiest lessons for 



192 

the student of iirehitecture, and tliose who 
€ultivate a taste for the beautifal. 

To visit the "villages by tlie sea" was a 
part ot tlie program of our toiir. To this 
work we devoted tiie entire day of June 26th, 
1882. During tiie visit, we drove leisurely 
tiiro all tiie principal streets, visited all tlie 
publTe places and conversed freely with siieh 
as we thought likely to give us siieh informa- 
tion as we sought. And, as during our visit 
we viewed and examined eaeh one raMier 
closely, I venture to submit a deseription of 
eaeh. 







First House at Bay Head. 

Bay Head, the most southern of the villages, 
is the youngest of tiie sisters. It is loeated 
upon or about ^le 40° parallel, between Barn- 
egat Biiy and ^e ocean. Where now ^iTs 



193 

village stands, in 1879 tliere was biit one 
house. This was owned and o€€npIed by 
Captain Elijah Ohadwick, who Uien owned all 
tlie land now possessed by tlie Bay Head 
Company. It was a one-story building 18x36 
leet, having three rooms upon tlie first floor, 
— an open loft above. It stands upon tlie 
meadow far back from tlie dune; or about 
midway between tlie dune and tlie dock oil 
Barnegat Bay. It was built m 1874. 

In the montli of October, 1878, tlie Captain 
sold 12 a€res of land at f 110 an aere, to a 
firm eonsTstmo: of Wm. Harris, Edward 
Howe and D. H. Mount. Ot this company 
D. H. Mount is President. 



Cut Showing the Relation op the Dune to the Ocean 
AND to Barnegat Bay, at Bat Head. 

D. Dune. 

0. Ocean level at high water. 

B. Barnegat Bay. 

L. Stratum of turf extending beneath the dune ; grass clad to the west of the dune 

and west of the Bay, up to the piue forest. 
6. Sand of the Miocene Epoch. 



194 

During Uie winter, Uie members of this 
firm ei'e€ted two bouses. Gen. Kiirge and 
Mrs. Yandoren pilreliased lots and built tliere- 
on. These four hoiises were located upon the 
dune, and commanded an excellent view of the 
sea. Thus elevated, tliey were fanned by 
every breeze. The style of arehitecture is 
modern and simple, and well adapted for Sum- 
mer resorts. Indeed, tliey are model-build- 
mgs, perilled upon exq-aisite sites. The man 
m quest of a place to build a Summer cottage 
by tiie sea, was surely in favor of Bay Head, 
if ©nee he could stand upon tlie piazza of 
either of these cottages and survey the envir- 
ons. Liired by such prospects and other 
Tndiicements, many pureliased lots ; and diir- 
mg the winter of '80 and '81, tliere were built 
8 cottages and a boarding house witli a ca- 
pacity for 70 guests. Durmg tlie following 
year, 22 more cottages, a grocery and a drug- 
store were built; and at tlie present tliey are 
buildmg or tliere are conti'acted for buTldtng 
10 moi'c cottages and a chui'-eli, so tliat in 
May, 1883, Bay Head will have at least 48 
cottages, 2 stores, a ehiireli, and a boarding 
house, the LUke Cottage, tliat f urnTslies board 



195 

at $2 per day. And, during the batlimg sea- 
son, it will probably have a population of not 
Igss tiian 1,000 souls ; for, during tliat season, 
every €ottage will take all Uie guests they €an 
a€€ommodate. 

The streets of Bay Head have been surveyed 
upon the reetangular plan. The main avenue 
extends nearly parallel wTtii tiie strand. Par- 
allel to tliTs avenue, on either side, extends 
otJier avenues. These parallel avenues are 
€r6ssed, at right angles, by streets extendmg 
from tiie dune to the bay. The most soutliern 
of tliese, known as ChadwTck street, extends 
fi'om tlie dune to the dock, on Biirnegat Bay. 
To tiie regularity of tiiTs survey, the village 
owes mueh of its beauty. 

Excepting a few houses that are built upon 
^le dune, tlie village stands upon a low plain 
that gently slopes from tlie dune to the Bay. 
The dune here is jiboiit twenty feet high. 
Miieii of Miis plain is but ii few f eet— h'om one 
to five — above the average water mark of 
Barnegat Bay. Thus situated, it is €oni- 
pletely sheltei'ed by tlie dune from tlie driving 
storms, so often beating from the sea. 

The arehlteeture of Bay Head, with some 



196 

exceptions, is recent. I say recent, for, in de- 
S€iibmg works of iirelilteeture, we must dis- 
tingTiTsli between tliose baildings tiiat are the 
result of the well establTslied principles of the 
art of Arelilteeture as developed by modern 
progress in the sciences, and as applied to edi- 
fices built wiMiTn the present century, and 
those ^lat are the result of various intentional 
deviations fiom tliese well establTsliect princi- 
ples. The ar-ehiteets at Bay Head have no 
seriiples m ignoring ^le usages of the best 
builders who work no^v, or who worked biit a 
few years ago. In €onseq-uence, in ^le build- 
ings here, we see new designs, — a few of 
whieh are neat and substantial ; but more fre- 
(j-uently they are odd and flimsy — often gro- 
tesq;ue and fantastT€ — forms ^lat are destined 
to be ephemeral. 

In her batliTng ground, Bay Head has an 
advantage over all the rest of tlie villages by 
the sea. There is no other place at wliT^ tlie 
bathing is so safe. The bottom of ^e sea 
here slopes away so gently and so iiniformly 
that with ease and safety one €an wade far 
out into tlie ocean. At first, the water is 
very shallow. At twenty yards from the 



197 

shore, it is often not more than two feet deep 
and at forty yards away, not more than four 
feet deep. Indeed, in giving students lessons 
respeetmg the nature of waves, in order tJiat 
the water may be iip to tiieh- slioulders, as 
they stand ereet, I have often fonnd it neces- 
sary to go eighty yiirds, or more, from the 
sliore. Standing here, biit slight undertow is 
perceived, even if tiie sea is a little rough. 
When tiie waves were o feet high, I have 
stood iip on a site 50 yards from shore, ex- 
periencing a very slight undertow and in per- 
fe€t safety. To be srire, m waves of this 
height, even a good swimmer is lifted with 
more violence ^an is agreeable; and he has 
ventOred abmit as mueh as sensible men are 
willing to risk even for science sake. 

Undertows, as I have shown, are tlie cur- 
rents of water that result from waves that have 
broken upon tlie sliore. The water formii^g 
the current, called an undertow, was brought 
landward and pushed far upon the strand by a 
force that impelled tiie last, or a prior wave. 
Thus elevated, by its weight and mobility, it 
inclines to move down tlie sloping beaeh into 
fee sea. Descending tlie shore, the current 



198 

formed acq-iiires great velocity. Biit, ere it 
has descended far, it meets an advancing 
wave whose velocity is mneli less. Impelled 
by Mie force gained m the descent of the 
sloping strand, the seaward current elaims the 
surface of the bottom of tlie sea, while tiie 
slower moving body — the advancing wave — 
rises above it, and moves on over it until it 
strikes tlie sliore and spends its force in the 
a€t of pusliTng itself far up tlie strand. At 
this jun€ture, this said advancing wave, in its 
return to the sea, becomes anotlier undertow. 
And so of every other land-wasliTng wave 
where the water is deep. 

To form an undertow two tilings are essen- 
tial: 1st. The water must be several feet 
deep. 2d. The bottom of the ocean and tiie 
siiore upon whieh tlie waves break must be 
steep. 

A landward moving wave, in sliallow water, 
overlying a gently sloping sea bottom, by 
friiition upon tlie bottom, and tiie po^ver need- 
ed to ascend tlie plain, slowly Expends its 
force, and loses its velocity, until it is spread 
in a thin stratum upon ^le strand. In return- 
ing, Mie water of this wave, descending tlie 



199 

gently Tnelinmg plain, gains but little force 
and little velocity. Hence, in €ase it passes 
beneatli an advancing wave ^le undertow is 
so feeble tliat it scarcely attra€ts tiie attention 
of the batliei". 

But waves su-eceed eaeh other at an approx- 
imate regularity. That is, tliey follow eaeh 
o^ier at approximately I'egiilar intervals. 
These intervals, usually, are siieh tliat upon 
a gently sloping strand, the advancing wave 
€6mes in so far that it meets Hie retreating 
wave upon grounds over wliieh the water is 
so sliallow tliat tlie two waves collide, or else, 
in the a€t of passing under tlie advancing 
wave, tlie retreating wave is so mueh impeded 
by friction against the bottom of tlie sea upon 
its tinder surface, and friction against the 
wave upon tlie upper surface, that its force is 
rapidly expended, and its velocity so retarded 
that it becomes an undertow so feeble tliat its 
transporting ]3ower effects but little. 

Another advantage peciilTar to Bay Head is 
its fine facilities for sailing. Barnegat Bay, 
for beaiity of scenery and fiXcilTty of sailing 
for pleasiire, is not ec|;ualed along the JN^ew 



200 

Jersey €oast. The iipper arm of ^iis bay ex- 
tends between Bay Head and Mie great pine 
forest. At tlie foot of Chadwick street is a 
dock at whieli, at all times, parties ean seeure 
safe yachts, manned by experienced -eaptams. 
Pleasure sailing will always be a leading feat- 
ure in Mie rounds of life at MiTs village. 



201 



740 



^^ c^Jl 




Map of Long Branch and Vicinity. 



1. Long Branch. 

2. Oceanport. 

3. Eatontown. 

4. Asbury Park. 

5. Ocean Grove. 

6. Ocean Beach. 

7. Maiiasfiuaii. 

8. Point Pleasant. 

9. Bay Head. 



10. Lower Squankum. 

11. Squankuin. 

12. Farniingdale. 

13. Blue Ball. 

14. Colt's Neck . 

15. Tinton Falls. 
IG. FieolioUl. 

17. Shrewslu; vy. 

18. Ked Bank. 

12 



19. West End. 

20. Elberon. 

21. Oceanville. 

22. Deal. 

23. Neptune. 

24. Spring Lake 

25. Sea Girt. 



202 

From Bay Head to this place, the road, ex- 
cepting a few hundred yards, is excellent. 
Indeed, its ecjiial is seldomly found. It is a 
sand ])!ke, straight, well i-oiinded from side to 
side; and as level, in its course, as roads ever 
are. Upon this, our teams moved as rapidly 
as any ene could desire; and ^le steadiness of 
the carry-all was remarkable. 

The scenery along this road is varied. Xow 
the way is skirted with a peaty marsii, cover- 
ed witii coarse grass, or tall rustics; now with 
a dry sandy plain, studded with piteh pine, 
brambles, dwarf oak, huckleberries, and lieh- 
ens ; here is a small pond whose surface is 
bespangled witli tlie most beavitTfiil water 
lilies ; there is a copse of heath-worts and 
brambles, as uninviting as Mie swamps of 
Florida; here stretehes away a beailtTful field 
of wheat or red clover, there a garden liixiiri- 
ant with the elioicest vegetables ; here a neatly 
dressed lawn of the brightest green, there a 
parterre of excj-iiTsite design; here a village of 
small, cozy cottages, there a group of palatial 
mansions ; here a neat unpretentious Tnn with 
its plain porches and shady walks, to accom- 
modate tiie frilgal invalid, there tlie cclossal 



203 

hotel witii its ornate €oliimns, its stupendous 
piazza, its im])osing verandas and its broad 
promenades to a€€ommodate the ease-lovTng 
and pleasure-seeking' opulent. Thus, eontrast 
sueceds contrast, in sueli a pleasing way, 
yiat the eye never wearies and tiie mind never 
satiates. 

On oiir way, we crossed Manasq-iian River. 
This stream, or ratlier, this estuary, is nearly 
a mile wide; but, it is q-uite siiallow. Its 
deptii IS mueJi influenced by tiie tide. When 
the tide is in, it is cj-uite deep ; but when the 
tide IS oiit, it IS so sliallow tliat one ean wade 
it. Over t^iTs river is an open bridge from 
whT-eli one commands an extensive view of tiie 
river, and of tlie surrounding country. Here 
tlie landscape is beautiful, — especially that 
part of it that extends westward, or up tlie 
stream. Far up, — as far as one €an see, — the 
broad slieet of water gracefully bends. Skirt- 
ing this, tiie pine €lad banks gracefully wind. 
In the stream are numerous Islands, — small, 
circular and €overed with grass ^at is glossy 
green. The surface of the stream is smooth 
and silvery, like a polislied mirror. Upon 
this stream are many a small sail and many 



204 

smaller grafts. Surely tliis silvery siieen, set 
W1& tliese beautiful islandg, bordered by tliese 
graceful banks, and bespaugled witli tiiese 
snow white sails, form a landscape Miat €an 
never fail to please. 

From MiTs bridge eastward, we look out 
^iro ^le Manasq-aan Inlet over tlie sea. This 
prospect 18 sublime. At first, like viewing a 
mountain vTsta, tlie eyes scan, at your feet, 
tlie wide spreading estuaiy, tliat so gracefully 
narrows to be continuous wTtJi tliat beautiful 
inlet tiiat intersects tlie o-raceful diine. Then, 
peering out tliro tiiis inlet, we look upon tliat 
mountain of waters tliat we call tlie sea, — so 
round, so graceful, so silvery, so majestic, Miat 
it arouses and expands tlie soul till the spec- 
tator stands in pensive transport. 

Upon Mie east side of tlie open bridge, at 
the distance of a few hundred yards, ^le estii- 
ary is spanned by Uie railroad bridge — a stii- 
pendoiis structiire. Over tiiis bridge trains 
are passing every fe^v miniites. Biit for the 
grandeiii^ and sublimity of tliat piirt of the 
landscape above alluded to, this bridge and 
^ese passing trains alone would invite any 



205 

lover of Mie bcantiful, and form a ^leme 
woi tliy of tlie pen of Mie best rhetorician. 



MAISTASQUAK. 

Sq-aan Village, no^v €alled Manasqiian, is 
the oldest of all tlie villages by tlie sea. In 
early times, this was the watering place — tlie 
Summer resort. And it was far famed. 
Altlio it has not kept abreast witli otlier vil- 
lages by tlie sea, yet it is a place of beauty. 
It IS regularly planned Tind well ornamented. 
The streets are broad, skirted witli trees, and 
kept neat and €lean ', the houses are ornate, 
tlie lawns tasteful. Here are large stores, 
large sliops,- industrious meeliames .and ac- 
commodating merehants. Here is done a 
large amount of business. Here dwell not a 
few men of enterprise. Of tliTs village the 
population is about six hundred. 

The Signs of the times mdleate tliat very 
early in tlie history of this village there settled 
here families whose respective and distinctive 
peculiarities are expressed in their significant 
names — the Sharps, tlie Catchems and Mie 
Skinners. That ^ley have been pros]3erous 



206 

families there is no doubt ; and that the traits 
whieh gave to those families sueh expressive 
names have been persistent, tliere is an abund- 
ance of evidence. Wlietlier at any time the 
place and vicinity has consisted mainly of 
membei's of these families, tiiere is not decisive 
evidence. But, be that as it may, we are in- 
clined to think that in tlieir pi'oereation, tlieir 
offsprings were mostly — perhaps entirely — 
girls who, by marrying lost their name so sTg- 
mf leant of their eharacter, but transmitted to, 
and Tnter-diffused the family eharacteiTstics 
ilnallo^^ed, anions; tiie rIsTno; o-enei'ation. To 
^Ts notion, wi? are tlie moie inclined because of 
yie fact that while tliese significant names do 
not appear upon tlie sign boards of business 
houses, the traits of character expressed by 
these said names are patent in so very many 
proprietors, partners, clerks, meehaiiTcs, and 
even in the laborer. 

The descendants of these ancient families 
seem to be remarkably apt m stamping their 
impress upon all who do business for them. 
Indeed, they seem to be very apt, and very 
suasive teachers — especially in tiie mercantile 
and tlie mechanic arts. For, from how dis- 



207 

tant a neighoorhood he €6mes, or of what 
blood he is bred, the young €lerk, or tlie ap- 
prentice to tiiese business men, is soon, not only 
possessed of tlie knowledge of the principles 
upon whieh tlie progenies of tliese ancient 
people do business, but also Tmbiied with tliat 
spirit and zeal that makes his success inferior 
only to that of his employer and teaeiier. 

The descendants of tliese worthy families 
have not all settled dmvn in, or near, tlieir 
native village. Doubtless, some of them have 
gone far away, and have given origin to some 
l>hases of business seen m some houses in dis- 
tant places. But, m Ae main, it seems they 
were a bea^i-lovTng dass ; and the most of 
those In whom the paternal ehara^teristies 
were most persistent, migrated to sites up and 
do^vn the beaeh. These seem to have been 
very prolif i€ and to have been as persistent in 
transmTttmg the family eharaeteristies as 
were their great-grandslres. Indeed, in every 
village by the sea, ^lere seems to be so many 
of ^iis sort, that one has to piit his imagina- 
tion, and his erednllty, upon a streteli to believe 
that tlie population are not all descendants of 
these three primitive families. 



208 

At Manasq-uan are boardmg houses m 
plenty. Indeed, keeping boarders is tiie lead- 
ing industry. "With notable exceptions, ev- 
erybody keeps boarders. To this is devoted 
tlie large house and tlie small ; tiie palace and 
the €ottage ; the mansion and tlie hut ; the 
eabm and tlie rookery ; the sty and &e ken- 
nel. Big trunks are seen m almost every 
house. And, tliey are often the ornament of 
the back yard, or the store furniture of tlie 
out slieds. Indeed, by those who keep board- 
ers, ^le big trunk €an be seen as far as €an a 
flock of pigeons by the pigeon trapper. Nor 
IS tlie big trunk looked iipon wTtli less anxiety 
^lan tlie pigeon flock is by tlie net tender. If 
one wislies to have special respect paid to him, 
let him g o into one of these boarding villages 
by the sea wTtli a big trunk. He cannot fail. 
Upon his advent, caterers will be as numerous 
as flies. And how polite ! And how a€€om- 
niodating! And, tlie bigger the trunk, ^le 
lower the caterers bo\v. One can hardly tell 
how wortliy of respect he is, until he has gone 
into some village by tlie sea, with a big trunk. 

Manasq-uan village is situated upon ^e 
north bank of the Manasq^an River. It is 



209 

surrounded by a district of country that is as 
level as farming land can be. This land is 
occupied by men who cultivate tlie soil with 
great skill and care. Cabbage, beets, radtsli- 
es, lettuce, turnips and tomatoes are planted 
in the place of corn. They grow luxuriantly, 
and each field looks like a splendid garden. 
As tlie soil i^s sandy, it is easy to till ; and it 
matures tlie crops early. Here notliTng goes 
to waste. There seems to be a market, and a 
demand, for everything. This is made by tlie 
business of boarding so many from the cities. 
To supply the tables of tliose who keep 
boarders, tliere is a constant demand for tlie 
fresliest and tlie best. And tliese farmers 
seem to give tlieir attention to producing siieh 
things as they can sell at home. However, I 
guess that ^le money whieii tlie farmer gets 
for his produce is kept in Ms pocket. Surely 
he does not spend it in erecting fine buildings, 
nor repairing sudi as are not fine. While 
tliey who keep boarders, or are mechanics, or 
merchants, have fine houses and nice grounds, 
these farmers, as a rule, live in poor, small 
buildings tliat are constructed iipon no prm- 



210 

ciple of taste; nor are tiie biirns and oiit-bnild- 
Tngs any better. 

Most of Uie land, extending from Manas- 
q-uan to Ocean Grove, is similar to that 
around Sq-uan Village ; and, to a great extent, 
it IS tilled with the same erops. Oeeasionally 
there is a swamp, — a piece of low, wet ground, 
covered with pines, scrub oaks, brambles, car- 
rion plants, wild cranberries and tlie like. 
There is at the least, one peat marsii. This is 
about a q-uarter of a mile wide. The peat 
ranges, in deptli, so far as I have examined it, 
from two to four feet. In c]-uality, it is excel- 
lent. Above and below this peat marsli there 
are a few patelies of white sand. These are 
poor, indeed ; and as a rule, not cultivated. 



EAST POINT PLEASANT. 
A mile north of Bay Head is a new village 
called East Point Pleasant. At this place is 
a boarding hoiise crilcrilated to accommodate 
about one hundred boarders. As yet there 
are only a few cottages. The location of tliis 
village is favorable, and in a few years, the 
number of splendid cottages and imposing 



211 

hotels will so increase that this place will 
rank witli the oldest villages by the sea. 



SEA GIRT. 

Sea Girt is a small village built near the 
site upon whieh Commodore Stockton's resi- 
dence by the sea used to stand. It is upon a 
sandy, or gravelly eminence that overlooks the 
sea. From all parts of tlie village the prospect 
IS commanding. Upon tlie most elevated part 
of the eminence stands a hotel, from tlie 
piazzas of whieh, over the deep, one's prospect 
is limited only by the power of vision. From 
these piazzas is gained a more extended, and a 
grander view, ol the sea tlian I have had from 
any otlier place. 

At tliTs place, the water in tlie wells is ex- 
cellent, and tlie native groves veiy inylting. 
Here are excellent drives. Here is tlie place 
for handsome teams and splendid vehicles. 
Indeed, Sea Girt is a high toned place. 

The miiin hotel at Sea Girt is an imposing 
structure, so located as to command the 
grandest prospect over the sea. It is arranged 
to accommodate one hundred and sixty board- 



.212 

ers ; and, altho the price of board T§ $3.00 per 
day, every room m tlie house is oeeupied. 

The batiimg ground, at ^is place, is good ; 
and it IS very popular among Mie farmers of 
Monmouth and Ocean Counties. Upon a 
certaYn day, the first Wednesday in August, 
I believe, Miousands from tlie surrounding 
country assemble here and have a general 
wash, and a jolly time. This day is loeally 
styled " The siieep wjisiiTng day." It has been 
celebrated, I am told, from the earliest times. 



SEA PLAIK. 
Sea Plain consists of a number of beautiful 
€ottages, IS lo€ated upon a beautiful plain that 
stretelies awa}^ from the sea, — back to tlie dis- 
tance of a mile or more. It is laid out with 
mueli taste, and is destined to be a fHvorite 
place for ^le opnlent. 



ocea:n^ beach. 

Ocean Bea^, nortli of Sea Plam, is a 
young, tlirifty village, possessed of many 
elements of beauty. The arehiteeture of ^e 



213 

residences is tasteful ; the lawns, broad and 
well tended ; tlie streets, wide and well grad- 
ed ; and all else presents an appearance of 
thrift. 



OCEAN GROYE. 

Ocean Grove is a place too well known to 
need a deseription. Its popiilation is about 
1500. It IS regularly and tastefully planned, 
enclosed wTtli a fence, adorned with mueh 
native forest, €ontains many handsome dwell- 
ings, several large hotels and a great many 
tasteful publTe buildings. It is a famous 
tenting ground. It is owned and managed 
by the Metliodist people, and is the place at 
whieli are tlie great €amp meetings. Some- 
times, as many as 12,000 people attend tliese 
€amp meetings. Here q-iiietude reigns. Ev- 
erything IS in order, and the business of ^e 
place IS like elock work. 



ASBUEY PARK. 

Asbury Park is ii village that presents 
miieh variety and many contrasts. The plain 



214 

upon whi^li it IS biiilt, stretehes from Deal 
Lake, on ^le nortli, to Wesley Lake on Mie 
soiitli — a distance of a mile and a half. The 
plain on whieh it is built, is beautiful. From 
tlie lake on either side, it rises up gradually. 
Its greatest elevation is not far from the cen- 
ter. It IS well drained ; and, except where 
cleared for buildings, lawns, &c., &c., it sus- 
tains a growtli of native pine, oak, maple and 
the like. The soil is sandy or gravelly, and 
not well adapted to grass. 

The beaeh at Asbury Park Ts beautiful and 
well suited to bathing. Along it are numer- 
ous €onveniences for tlie pleasure-seeker, and 
tlie lover of ease and -eomf ort. At two places 
are pavilions built oiit over the sea to the dis- 
tance of one hundred and twenty feet. These 
pavilions are covered with a substantial roof •, 
are strongly guarded wTtli balustrades, and 
are ])i'ovided with ehairs, lounges, benelies and 
siieh other utensils as contribute to the com- 
fort of sueh as wish to visit them and for 
awhile remain thereon. 

Landward of tliese pavTlions iire tlie batliTng 
rooms, as they are called. But, Miey iire not 
batliTng rooms. People batlie in tlie sea, and 



215 

then go into the rooms to wash and ehange 
tlieir clotJies. They are wasiimg and dressing 
rooms, eaeh one being a kind of lavatory. 
They are easy of a€cess, conveniently arranged 
and snugly kept. Of them there ai'e more 
than two thousand. 

Above and below tlie pavilions are the sites 
at whieh tiie " batlier " goes down into the 
sea. Tne approaeh to the water is easy and 
convenient.- The bottom of the sea is smootii, 
and slopes away gradvially. Hence, these 
batiiTng grounds are good, mueli I'esorted to, 
and are ra])Tdly acq-uirmg a wide spread re- 
nown. Viewed from the pavilion, tliey are 
delightful. In them, upon ii clear warm day, 
diiring tiie " bathmg season," may be seen a 
tiiousand at a time. 

Parallel to tiie beaeh, and but a few feet to 
the west of it, extends Ocean Aveniie. It is 
wide, commands an extensive view over tiie 
sea, IS well " bedded " and is a sviperb drive. 
Along tiie west side of this street iire fine 
cottages and large hotels. Here iire the 
choicest places for tiiose in cj-iiest of fine 
scenery, tiie fresliest breeze from ^le sea, and 
an opportunity to see a daily parade of fine 



216 

carriages and handsome teams. Here are 
lodged Mie wealtliy and Mie elite. 

Parallel to tliis street, otiier thorouofhfares 
extend from lake to lake. Of tliese, tiiere are 
seven. Of ^le seven, Main street is ^le most 
westward, and it is tiie ene on whieh Mie most 
business is done. On this street are large 
stores, fine shops, sriitable markets, good ho- 
tels and the like. Hei'e are obliging mer- 
ehants, aeeommodatmg hucksters, complaisant 
landlords and busy meelianics. West of tliTs 
street are scattered groups of buildings. In 
these dwell those whose appropriate name 
would be the Sharps, tlie Cateliems and the 
Skinners. Here live siieli as thrive by dealing. 

A little nortli of tlie center of Asbiirv Park 
IS a beautiful sheet of water called Sunset 
Lake. Its banks are graceful, and, by tlie 
hand of tlie artist, iire rendered ornate. 
Around this lake is a beautiful drive — wide, 
level and winding. Witlim tlie lake is an 
island. Upon tliTs, is a very inviting ice 
cream garden, — mueh freq-uented by tlie epi- 
cnre and the lovers of " q-uiet," On the south 
side, ^Ts island is rea-e4ied by a bridge whieh 
extends from tlie foot of Grand Aveniie; and 



217 

on Mie norfeli side by a bridge ^at extends 
from Packard Avenue. 

The depot at Asbiiry Park is a station at 
will ell IS done a great deal of business — more 
Mian at any oilier place along tlie beaeh. The 
grounds upon wliieli it is, are spacious and 
€lean. The buildings are large and eoiiven- 
lent. Around them, at tlie advent of the 
trains, are gathered in a long, cirelTng range, 
omnibuses, stages, eoaehes, bretts, phaetons, 
buggies and vehicles of almost every other 
style tliat man has invented. Here, at train 
time, IS hurry ; here is bustle ; here is excite- 
ment. Here men, women, ehildren, €oaehmen, 
clerks, €lowns, dandies, fops, servants, resi- 
dents, guests and strangers move m throngs, 
and mix thro and ^ro like swarming bees. 

But, when the train has been gone about 
fifteen minutes, one €ould hardly muster a 
corporal's guard. Everytlimg is q-ulet ; there 
is hardly a man to be found. And, so it 
remains until time for the next train. 

The citizens of Asbiiry Park are various. 
They are divisible into five classes. In tlie 
first class we may rank all those who own 
property and live upon it perennially. In Mie 

K 



218 

second class, we may place those who own 
residences here, and are here during ^e warm 
weafeher only. In the third class, we may 
piit ^lose who visit tlie place and stay as 
l^oarders during the hot weather. In the 
fourtli, we may reckon such as come to the 
place to do business dui'Tng that season in 
whieh the town is filled with boarders. The 
fifth class are such as are employed regularly 
— such as clerks, meeliantcs, laborers, team- 
sters and the like, who make ^e place ^eir 
home. 

The members of the first class, as a rule, 
are industrious, enterprising, intelligent, polite 
and generous. They iire social and i>hilaii- 
thropTc. They are the salt of the place. 

Those belonging to the second class, as a 
rule, are opulent, intelligent, industrious, ur- 
bane, generous and benevolent. They are 
siieh as are doing an extensive business m 
the crowded cities of our nation, and feel that 
it IS proper that their 1 ainllTes should enj(W, 
during the hot weatlier, better air and more 
genial environments than are common to 
cities during the Summer monttis. They are 
sueh as, goaded on by Mie pressure of bust- 



219 

ness dvirmg the season of trade, or, overstock- 
ect with €ares from professional avo€ati6ns, 
usually become tired, enervated and relaxed 
at the advent of ^le hot season and need, for 
rest and reeuperiition, some c]-u!et place with 
eheerful environs, pleasant scenery, genial com- 
pany and €ool, salubrious breezes. 

During their sojourn at their seaside resi- 
dences, they are affable and complacent, eheer- 
ful and gay. They employ tiiemselves at 
sueh tilings, and in su-eh ways, as best con- 
duce to a relaxation from business and a 
freedom from cares. Thus, ^ey favor that 
condition of the system that is necessary to 
buoyancy, renovation and TnvTgoration. 

Those of tiie MiTrd class are usually well to 
do people who have become tired from sedu- 
lous attention to business ; or, who have been 
prostrated l)y disease ; or, who wish to see the 
ways of the villagers by ^le sea, and can be 
away from home but for a short season. In 
^le social circle, as a rule, they are polite, 
generous, Tntelllgent and complacent. They 
are frugal in tlieir boarding economy, mod- 
erate Til dress, and circumspect in their de- 
portment. With tiiem, time is spent in sueli 



220 

amusements, m sueh sports, or in sueh em- 
ployments, as conduce to a relaxation from 
•care, a freedom from anxiety, a relief from 
harassing pains and mental tension, and tend 
to the renovation of tlie body and tlie mind. 

In tlie fourth class are those who come to 
^e place to traffic, or to work, while Mie place 
IS filled with visitors and boarders. To tliis 
class belong tlie Sharps, the Catehems, and 
the Skmners, and their relatives, the DolTttles. 
Of ^lese, some are siieh as think it manly to 
deceive a little, to drive a fraudulent bargain, 
to cheat m the sale of small tilings, to extort in 
renting on sliort leases, to detain travellers, to 
jockey m making purchases, or to get exorbi- 
tant wages for doing small jobs. Some are 
fellows who have not a very good reputation 
at home, — such as tricksters, petty hucksters, 
jockey liverymen, ^iree-cent sliopkeepers, sev- 
en-by-nine medianics, cheating contractors, 
deceiving porters, braggart coachmen, boast- 
ful hostlers, and third-rate laborers. 

Of this class, the visitor, iipon entering tiie 
place, meets a great many. Upon every side 
he IS beset with crowds of this impHdent 
class. And, accordingly, at first, he suspects 



221 

that the village eon.sists entirely of sharpers 
and s€CRindrels. Indeed, thei'e are in Asbury 
Park, a plenty of tiiem ; of tiiis kind, we tliTnk 
^e place has its full sliare. 

Asbury Park is a place of rapid growtii. In 
18(39, the plain on whi-eli tiie village now 
stands was a wilderness, — a jungle eonsTsting 
of trees of pine, oak, maple and ehestniit, so 
thickly interspersed wTtii an iindergrowtli of 
brambles, huckleberry buslies, €ali€o busiies, 
stagger buslies, green briers and sarsaparillas 
that 111 many places, he who went thro it was 
obliged to go upon his hands and knees. 
There were aboiit 500 acres of it, and not a 
building upon it. During that yeai", it was 
assessed at $15,000. In the latter part of 
1870, James A. Bradley piirehased tiie tract 
for $90,000. In 1879, it was assessed at 
$750,000. In 1880, it was estimated at $1,- 
000,000; in 1882 Tt was assessed at $1,500,000. 

Asbury Park has eight ehur^i edifices — 
Episcopalian, Reformed, Baptist, CatliolTc, 
Methodist, Presbyterian and two colored. 

In the place, is a Business College. There 
are also several excellent private schools. The 
public school house, in MiTs place, is large and 



222 



convenient. It €ost nearly .flO,000. The 
school employs thirteen teachers and has 800 
piipils. In ^e place there is a reading room 
that IS open diirTng ^e entire year. There is 
a newspapei' ^lat has a cTreulation of 3500 ; a 
post office that does more business than any 
o^er post office at any watering place on the 
continent ; two public halls, and over 1,000 
cottages. 

The permanent pojDulation, as per census of 
1880, was 1,685 ; in 1882 it was 4,000. Dur- 
ing the Summer, the population is greatly in- 
creased. It IS estimated that not less than 
20,000 people sojourn here diirTng tJie hot 
weather. To accommodate visitors, large 
boardtng houses are needed. And there are a 
plenty of them, and of tiie best order. The 
largest boarding hoiise, the Coleman House, 
kept by Mrs. Coleman, accommodates 500. 
There are otliers ranging from 400 down to 
200. Besides these, tliere are scores of lesser 
capacity, tiiat afford eq-iially as good, if not 
better, advantages. 

Asbiiry Park is famous for excursions. 
From ^le beginning of hot weather till Au- 
tumnal frosts, excursions arrive almost daily. 



223 

As a rule, the excursion arrives in Mie morn- 
ing and leaves in the evening. To accommo- 
date excursionists, the cosmopolitan spirit of 
the citizens has induced ^lem to make ample 
and suitable arrangements. Indeed, much of 
tiie fame and popularity of Asbuiy Park has 
arisen from the generosity of the citizens m 
providing for the excursionists who stay only 
a day. So popnlar are the excursions, and 
from so many places do they start, tliat, by 
excursions 25,000 people have come to this 
famous resort in a single day. 

Asbury Park is a place in which there are 
no houses licensed to sell alcoholic intoxicat- 
ing beverages. Hence we never see stagger- 
ing or lolling drunkenness here. However 
large the crowds may grow, ^lere is no chance 
for drinking and toxic revelry. 

Asbury Park was incorporated March, 
1874. From the beginning, ^e affairs of tlie 
place have been manipiilated and directed by 
Mr. James A. Bradley. This shrewd and 
l>hTlanthropic gentleman foresaw what the 
times needed ; and, to effect what he con- 
ceived to be proper, he brought his purse and 
his intellectiial powers to bear upon the pro- 



224 

je€t. The result whieh he has aehieved, is 
unparalleled m history. 

As we directed our course from Asbiiry 
Park toward Deal, we passed a site long to be 
remembered. It is the residence of Mr. Frank 
OorlTes. Concerning Miis place, while upon a 
former trip, we wrote as follows : 

"At half-past six o'clock last evening, June 
14th, by the kindness of Mr. Frank Corlies, 
we pitehed our tents upon a very convenient 
and a very beautiful spot. This spot is m 
the grove that environs the cottage of our 
esteemed host, Mr. Frank Corlies. The kind- 
ness and generosity of ^is man is sueh ^at 
when he learned that we were m q-iiest of a 
site for an encampment, he invited us to en- 
camp upon his lawn, and extended to us the 
privilege of using for our comfort whatever 
we could avail ourselves of. This offer we 
gladly accepted. 

" The spot is not only beautiful but well 
suited to tenting. The grove is dense and 
shady ; and tlie sward is level, dry and neatly 
tended. Here we felt at home and passed a 
comfortable and pleasant night. 

" Ere we hadj^our tents pitched, the good 



225 

lady, Mrs. Corlies, extended to iis an invita- 
tion to use for tlie night, tiie spare rooms in 
her mansion. This hospitality we keenly ap- 
preciated; but, owing to certain reg illations, 
of long standing in the Academy, we were 
obliged to deeline this generous ofier and 
abide m o^ir tents. 

" But, long will we remember Mr. and Mrs. 
Corlies and their eottage upon the bank of 
Deal Lake. 

" The €ottage and environs whieh form one 
of Mr. Corlies' Summer residences, possess 
many features of attraetion. This residence 
IS situated m the north part of Asbiiry Park 
— somewhat removed from ^le busy part of 
the place and q-alte seeluded. 

" The gro^mds slope gradually and gracefully 
from one of the main avenues northward to the 
water in Deal Lake. Excepting where €ut 
away for buTldings and drives, it is beauti- 
fully wooded with native forest trees. These 
trees are trimmed to suit tlie exq-uTsTte taste 
of the landlord. Among tliese, about a hun- 
dred feet from the lake, upon a slight emi- 
nence, the cottage stands. It is beautiful — a 
piece of exq-uisite arehiteetui'e — designed and 



226 

built by the gentleman who owns it. In it 
and abwit it, are all Uie conveniences that 
modern art €an supply. Snugly nestled in a 
grove of native oak and pine, when viewed 
from the lake, its ornate gables, spacious 
piazzas and neat balustrades, form a spot in 
^le landscape, ihe most beautiful, the most 
€Ozy and the most inviting. Even a casual 
passer, as he sails up the lake, observes that 
there is the secluded villa of some pensive 
soul, — there is the c(4iTet resort of some family 
who love to devote tiieir leisure to thought and 
peaceful meditation." 



DEAL. 

Deal is but a hamlet. So are Oceanville 
and Elberon. Altho mueh talked of, the 
traveler passes thro them unconscious that 
he is going thro a settlement that has a name. 



lo:n^g branch. 

Long Braneh is a place of grandeur, — a 
place of splendor. Here excellent drives, a 
spacious road, beautiful lawns, excj-uTsite par- 



227 

terres, neat hedges, ornate fences, artistic €ot- 
tages, and palatial residences, €onspire to 
make a lands€ape that is uniq^ie and grand. 
Here eaeh one seems to vie with the other in 
the attempt to expend upon his lawns and his 
mansion, upon his barn and his stables, his 
€oaehes and his phaetons, his harness and his 
horses, all the money extravagant €6ntra€t6r8 
€an use. 

The style of arehlte^ture in Long Bran^ 
IS very various. As a rule, it is tasteful. In 
every €ase ^e buildings are sueh as to show 
^e lavish hand of the over-opulent. The 
faults, if any there are, consist in an excess of 
^e ornate. And yet, m no ease is ^ere an 
appearance of brilliant show. Nor does the 
splendor of the edifices depend iipon gay 
€616rs. Altho eaeh building Is well painted, 
there is not a gay colored house in this village 
by the sea. In these buildings, the elements 
of beauty consist in the conveniences of the 
arrangements, in the central or essential part 
of fehe buildings, the adaptation of the site 
upon which the edifice stands, ^le strong and 
well projecting roof, the ornate gables, the 
cozy recesses, the spacious piazzas, ^e artistic 



228 

verandas, the tasteful windows and tlie invit- 
ing approaehes. 

So careful of variety have been the arehi- 
teets of Long Braneh tJiat, in the entire place, 
I think tiiere are not two houses alike. This, 
of itself, is an element of beaiity. Ea^ 
buildifig relieves the other. Hence that lively 
and inviting expression everywhere apparent. 
Here no one wearies with viewing palatial 
residences. Numerous as they are, every 
lover of areiiiteetiire is eager to see them all. 
!Nor does ©nee viewing them satiate. He who 
has 0nce ^ritieally viewed them, finds his ap- 
preciation of the ornate in arehiteetiire awak- 
ened, or fired, and, iipon a seeond viewing, he 
experiences more pleasure and satisfaction 
than he did at first. 

In the arehitectiire at Long Braneh, we see 
very little of Miose old Grecian styles — the 
Doric, the Ionic and the Corintliian ; or the 
old Roman styles — the Tuscan and the Com- 
posite. However, in some of the large hotels, 
these old styles — freely modified — are the 
dominant featilres. Indeed, to the eye of the 
modern man, tlie orders of the Greeks and 
Romans are not in good taste in anything, ex- 



229 

eept a public building. This notion, the 
arehiteets of Long Bran^i have sedulously 
guarded. 

The environs of the edifices of Long Braneh 
are exq-uisite. For ^le most part they €onsist 
of lawns, drives and parterres. The drives are 
elegant, spacious and eonvenient. They are 
solid and elean. In many eases, there is no 
partition fence, or partition hedge, to divide 
one residence from anotlier. So, the drives of 
one place freq-uently Tnoseulate with those of 
anotlier. This is a thing of beauty. It gives 
to tliese neighboring residences a generous, a 
social, a friendly appearance. It enables one 
to see that the people of tlie place iire filial, 
courteous and benevolent. 

The lawns are large, closely sliorn, very 
thrifty and very tasteful in pattera. They 
are, as a rule, quite level. If they were a little 
more undulating they would appear more 
pleasing. Ho^vever, there are so many ele- 
ments of beauty in these lawns that they 
never fail to please. 

The parterres are numerous and beautiful. 
They are seldomly large. To a great extent, 
Miey consist of foliage plants. As respects 



230 

pattern, ^ey are tastefiil and elegant. A few 
more flowering plants, judu-iously arranged, 
would add greatly to Mie beauty of many of 
these superb residences. 

As a rule, ^ere is very little shrubbery at 
Long Braneli. Shade trees are very s€Srce. 
Excepting the residence of General Grant, 
there is searcely any shrubbery or shade trees, 
upon any of the places. Why this negle€t, I 
€annot tell. The General's place supports a 
beautiful growth of pines and of native and 
f oreign deciduous trees. 

The residences at Long Branch are built 
upon a single street, whieh is about four and 
a half miles long. This extends parallel to ^le 
strand, and is not more ^laii five hundred feet 
from the sea. It is broad, not paved, desti- 
tute of shade, and (j-uite straight. Along this, 
the buildings on the side next to the ocean are 
so wide apart as to leave extensive interspaces. 
Relative to these interspaces, the residences 
on the other side of tiie street are so lo-t-ated 
that they command an unobstructed view of 
the wide spreading sea. Hence ^e buildings 
on both sides of ^Ts aveniie are so located as 
to admit, from ^eir porticos and verandas, an 



231 

extensive view over the sea and over the 
land. 

As the shore here is elevated abwit forty 
feet above mean tide, and as ^le groiind here 
IS q-iiite level, as one rides over this street, on 
^le ene side he looks out over the ocean, as 
far as the limit of vision ; on ^e ot^ier side, 
he looks over a beaut ifiil well-tilled agrleiil- 
tural distriet, as far as ene €an see. 

This street is perpetually fanned by a 
breeze. From noon till midnight, there is a 
breeze from ^e sea ; from midnight till noon 
a breeze from the land. Hence, in whatever 
time m the day ene ehooses to ride, he enjo^^s 
a current of ah*. 

During the early part of ^le day things at 
Long Braneli are very q-nlet — especially upon 
the street. In fa€t, ene passing thro this 
village by the sea, about tJie middle of the 
forenoon, might suppose that tlie place was 
deserted, or else, that in every house tliere 
was a preparation for a funeral. But, in ^e 
after part of Ae day, ^le scene ehanges. 
About 3 o'clock, there begins to be a stir. 
Fine eoaehes, fine horses, splendid harness 
and gay dresseg begin to appear. At first, 



232 

^ere are biit few — mostly the yoiing — driv- 
ing at pretty good speed. As ^le evening 
advances, the number increases ; — soon there 
IS a €rowd ; — ere long the erowd has thicken- 
ed into a tlirong. 'Now splendor is at its 
height. The finest horses the nation €an sup- 
ply, dressed in harness mounted in silver and 
gold, draw carriages m whieh ride nabobs and 
nafs dressed m bro€ade and adorned with 
diamonds and gold. In the gaudy throng, 
here a Wall Street prince backs his prancing 
steed; there a pair of ^le youths of fortune 
ride ill an open ehaise ; here a lordlTng family 
drives a splendid span; there a millionaire 
ranges his mated four. 

On &e drive at Long Braneli, it is not un^- 
€ommon to see, to a light wagon, a neap or 
tong as large as that usually belonging to a 
tru€k wagon witli neap ehains as heavy as 
those used by wood-€arters. These neap 
ehains are sometimes made of solid silver; 
biit more freq^iently they are forged of Iron 
and then heavily plated with silver or gold. 
To a handsome team, tliese shining ehains 
give a gay appearance as well as an appear- 
ance of wealth. 



233 

The harness usually seen upon the horses, 
during tlie gala part of the day, are very 
showy — often so miieh so as to detract from 
the beauties of the horses. The straps com- 
posing tiie harness are usually wide — not for 
strengtli, but to afford places for large showy 
buckles, and for extensive ornate niMintTngs. 
Indeed, whatever €an be done for displa}^ and 
the sliow of an expenditure of an enormous 
sum of money is done here. In this display, 
it seems tliat the effort is not to show who 
€an exhibit tlie finest, tlie most beautiful, the 
most ornate ; but rather, who €an show that 
iipon whi#h has been lavTslied the greatest 
€ost. Indeed, it seems that the owners of 
these "fine tilings" have a low grade of what 
artists €all "taste for tlie beaiitiful." Cer- 
tainly, if "the beantiful" were the desider- 
atum, ene-tenth of the €ost would make a 
display tiiat would entirely eclipse any^mg 
that has ever been seen at Long Braneh, even 
upon tlie most celebrated of her gala days. 

Biit we must remember that this display is 
not made to please artists, nor yet the lovers 
of Mie beaiitTful ; biit rather to please ^le 
lovers of wealth and the votaries of fasliion. 



234 

Nor do we see artists here ; nor yet ^lose who 
love art. Nor is anyMimg displayed, in all 
^iTs vast yirong" of splendor-adorned people, 
horses and ^oaehes, the work of art. No, 
not a thing. Whatever is here is bnt ^le 
work of ^e artisan — the work of the mere 
nieehanic — the work of men whose eyes are 
blind to the elements of the beavitifnl, but, 
open wide to the discernment of gold, and to 
the aveniies thro whieh €6me siims of "filthy 
lii€re." Indeed, most of what we here see is 
entirely ont of taste, out of proportion and out 
of symmetry; and notJimg else (at least noth- 
ing in keeping with taste) would siiit these 
nabobs and nafs. For the beautiful, for sym- 
metry, they have not even the shadow of taste ; 
with symmetry their whole lives are at vari- 
ance. Of one side of a subjeet they take a 
view. This side is the one upon whieli gold 
IS. This side is examined, scrutinized and 
valTled. All other sides of the article in 
q-uestion are scarcely wortii their considera- 
tion. Such people are easy to please. Show 
them ^le golden side of an object, and let 
^em see that ^ere is gold in it, then all is 
well. Whatever may be the appearance of the 



235 

o^er side ; however grotescj^ie and ugly ; how- 
ever disproportioned and unseemly ; if Hiere 
IS an abundant sliow upon Mie side tliat is set 
to view, especially if the thing €an l^e said to 
be ill tlie latest style, — it is fixed. It 
satisfies. 

Nor IS tlie j>hys'iq-ue of tiiese votaries of 
wealth and fashion more in aeeordance with 
the elements of the beaiitTful. The ugliest 
specimens of humanity that I have ever no- 
ticed, I have seen at Long Bran^i. 0€€as ion- 
ally there is a €oa6h-driver whose appearance 
IS passable, or even good. And, sometimes 
there are seen waitmg-maids whose })}iysif|4ies 
are paragons. But, among ^le elite — dear 
me! To give yoil some idea, I will instance 
a few specimens. 

Here is a fellow twenty-five years old. lie 
IS four feet ten Tnelies tall ; he is hum[)- 
backed, high shouldered, bow-kneed, "parrot 
toed," — wTtii a €orn on every toe ; head up- 
pish, nose enormous, moutii awful, ehiii sliiirp, 
high eheek bones, forehead reti'eating, 0€cTput 
prominent. He ajDpears best when sitting — 
covered witli a large cloak or sliawl, — under a 
broad brimmed hat, well drawn down over his 



236 

face, late m that period of the day whi^ the 
Seoteh €§11 the gloaming. He is ^le son of a 
Wall Streeter; and he has "^le dimes." 

Here is a lady aged twenty-ene, — height 
five feet eleven Tnehes, hiimp shoulders, €on- 
traeted ehest, knock-kneed, "durham" ankled, 
dwarf feet, "corned toes," head iippTsh, nose 
long and prominent, and a little knobbisli at 
the end ; ehin a f ailiire, eheek bones wide, 
ears large, forehead narrow and retreating ; 
brow dark and heavy, oecTpiit enormously 
projeetmg, eyes little, round and black, and 
almost as sliarp as a gimlet ; nostrils wide, 
and moutli openTsli. She walks like a frozen 
footed pullet — one up and one down. She ap- 
pears best at that time of Mie dHy when twi- 
light IS verging into total darkness. She has 
good lineage — is said to be Ae daughter of a 
Wall Streeter. 

Here is ^abob B., a large fellow — six feet 
four, with deep ^est and full round body, 
stands so straight that he leans a little back- 
ward ; broad, full, rounded hips ; too mueh 
thigh for tight pants, an enormous foot wTth 
spreading toes, head high, nose strong, eheek 
bones broad, eheeks well rounded, ears small — 



237 

hardly perceptible, ^m broad and strong, 
mouth wide and horizontal, forehead high and 
broad, brow heavy, an eye for looking thro 
the stock market ; steps high, looks higher, 
and woe to tlie small fellow Miat happens in 
his way. He steps around with that grace 
and dignity peeulTar to tlie Shanghai rooster. 
His speeeli €an be understood — biit not easily 
des€rlbed — it is something between ^lat of a 
stork and ^lat of a gander. He is one of tlie 
8U€cessful Wall Streeters. He has coined it, 
and he has his €oaeh and four. 

This nabob mounts his coaeh. Beside him 
sits his wife — as dear a little toady as ever 
watelied flies from beneatli a plantain leaf. 
From side to side she is wide enough, but m 
^e other' direetion she is woefully wanting — 
too flat. From her ehm down, she is essentially 
straight, save the bulging out above the hips 
at ^at place where otiier women are usually 
slender. Toad necked, toad footed, toad nose, 
toad eyes, toad moutli, toad forehead. She 
sits iipon the -carriage seat somewhat as a frog 
sits upon a stone m tlie edge of a spring wall. 
As tlie carriage moves along, you see her 
leaning a little forward to get the fresh air, — 



238 

perhaps to ease her back, or to show her bro- 
cade and exhibit her diamonds. And these 
diamonds ! and that heavy gold eham! How 
well they adorn that alabaster toad neck ! 
And tJiat gold lace! How gracefully it man- 
tles that flat bosom ! And that brocade ! 
How fittingly Tt flows over those stubby, 
half akimbo wed alabaster arms! 

And then when she alig'hts from the €ar- 
riage, — bless me! What a pose! Biped 
(Quadruped! Hexapod! One leg, no legs,— 
pei'haps a tetradecapod! But. legs enough, 
slirely ! Biit, can she lise them ? Aye, siie 
can! Srire enough. There she goes! And 
that gait! Well, its sometiiTng between a 
waddle and a canter. But it's beyond descrip- 
tion ! 

And she is sueh a loving little creature — you 
can see that in her eyes. Aye, yoii can see it 
all over her. Even her very gait shows tliat 
she IS an affectionate little creature ! Just 
the one to love that great Leviatlian, ^lat suc- 
cessful Wall Streeter ! 

And how closely she "sticks'' to htm, and 
how lovmg they are ; and how^ complacent 
tiiey are; and wTtii what satisfaction ^ley 



239 

gaze upon ea^^i other! And how delightedly 
they look eaeh oyier in the face ! Bless me ! 
How €an sueli tilings be? How €an sueh 
affe€ti6n dwell in the breast of mortals? 
Siirely, this is beyond the ken of ]>iiiloso]>hy. 

And she is the mother of them ! — And he is 
the father of them! — "Them" two descend- 
ants of the Wall Streetei-s. Perhaps some one 
Tnc^ilres whether they have any more. Well, 
I don't know, — guess not — thmk it's hardly 
possible there should b5 any more in that 
family. Those who have studied tiie laws of 
procreation state ^lat the best specimens of 
hiimanity are the least prolific. And well it 
IS so. For, were Mie offsprings of siieli par- 
ents very niimerous, we would be obliged to 
have this place enlarged, or else another Long 
Braneh. And, where in the w^orld would we 
have Tt ? Siirely, it would never do to have 
siieh specimens running at liii-ge. No, no ! 
Not in the country anyhow! They would 
scare otir young ones out of tiieir senses. 

Well, the people at Long Braneh are not 
all alike. They do not all come iip to the 
specimens above described. Nor do ^ey all 
come from Wall Street. Some are from Cin- 



240 

cinnati; some are from Chicago; some from 
St. Loirs ; some from J^ew Orleans ; some 
from — well, I am not obliged to tell where 
tiiey are from. 

]S^ow, the environs of tiie place h'om whieh 
eaeh nabob €6mes, develop in him certain pe- 
culiarities. These pecullaiities, when set to 
work, give very great variety to the society 
at Long Bran^. And sueh varl ety ! Well ! 
Well ! Matehless ! Iiieif able ! 

But, notwiMistanding this great variety, 
there are certain prominent fa-etors common 
to all. These factors are the ability to get 
gold, and the love for a display of it; or of 
what it will buy. These factors are common 
to all, and are the cementTiig- elements of tlie 

.... 5 , — & 

society at Long Braneli. The conversation 
of this society is gold and display, rielies and 
f ashion. 



SEA BRIGHT. 
Sea Bright is a place of splendor located 
upon the Sandy Hook peninsula. It is rap- 
idly growing, and is, parexcellence, the home 
of the fast — tlie resort of sports. It Is well 



241 

laid (Hit, pleasantly Ideated, has pleasant 
di'ives, €ostly buTldTngs, and a })leasant sea 
front. Soon, it will be one of Hie foremost of 
liie villages by Uie sea. The people here are 
opulent and enterprising. As tiie boys say, 
" they are tip to siiiiti'" and mean to keep so. 




Map of Central New Jersey. 



Ringoes, a. 
Flemington, b. 
Woodsville, d. 
Hopewell, c. 
Rocky Hill, «. 
Kiii.u;st(iii, f. 
Miuiiuiiutli .luiic-tion, g. 
Daytiin, //. 



1. BanicKiit Bay. 

2. Meteclecouck. 

3. Maiiasqiian. 

4. Shark River. 



Jaiiio.sliurg', /. 
Englislitowii, /. 
Freelidld, /.-. 
Bluel.all. 
Farmingdali', /. 
Manas(|uaM, in. 
Bay head, v. 
Long Branch, / 



TOWNS. 

AslmryPark, ) 
Ocean Grove, J 
(_)ccanport, q. 
EatoMtiiwn, T. 
Tinton Falls, t. 
Leedsville. 
Holnidale, s. 
Matawan, v. 



Keyport, «. 
.Jacksonville, ic. 
Old Bridge, .r. 
Washington, j-r. 
New Brn IIS wick. 
Millstone, zz. 
SnnKMville. (in. 



RIVERS, CREEKS AND HIL,I.S. 

.'■.. Shrewsbury. '••. Jlilistone Kaiitan. 

(J. Navesink. " 10. South Brancli of VI. Neshauic. 

7 South Kiver. Karitan. IH. Malard Brook. 

8 Raritau. 11, North Branch d 14. IMail HilU. 



243 

Camp 'Nfay Bkiinswick, 
3 A. M., Jink 28, 1882. 

About 7 o'c'lock, we piteliect our tents, 
scKitlieast of ]N"ew Brunswick, lipon an emi- 
nence tiiat overlooks tiie city, tlie Karitan 
KTver and liie surronnding €<)iintry, for many 
a mile. From UiTs site tlie prospect is de- 
lightful. From tiie foot of Mie liTIl on wliTeh 
our camp is, tiie i)lain of tiie Rarltan extends 
nortrhward to tlie base of First Mountain. 
Our elevation is sueli tliat tJie plan of tiie city, 
and everytliing- of interest in it, or about, is 
taken in at a single view. Eastward, tiie 
broad flood plain of Mie Kiiritan stretelies 
away as far as we €an see. The silvery sheen 
of the meandering river extends eastward un- 
til it widens into the Bay. Upon her waters 
glide large steamers, heavy sloops and lesser 
sails. Til great numbers, while, far away 
upon her banks, we descry beaiitiful to-wns 
and thriving villages. 

We broke camp ^iis morning at (3 o'clock. 
We directed our course thro Eatontown, 
TTnton Falls, Leadsville, Holmdel, over Bea- 
con Hill, tliro Manasc|4ian, Jacksonville, Old 
BrTdge, MYUtown, to thTs place. 



244 

EATONTOWN. 

Eatoiitowii IS a vTllao^e tJiat bej^an to be a 
place of note very early Tn^Mie bistory of our 
€Ountry. It Ts an "old time vTllage," cj^iiet 
and staid. It abo^mds in eliurelies and Tn 
pious people. An old BaptYst minister ITvYng 
Tn the pliicc, tells me tliat Hiere are entirely 
too many ehiirehes — makes the congregations 
too small and tlie salary too tliTn for tlie 
preaehers. 



TINTO:Nr FALLS. 

This, too, IS an old time village. It is, as it 
long has been, a center for milling, storing, 
and the like. It is bnilt upon the banks of 
the Hockhockson, a braneh of the ^avesink 
River. It derives its name from ^le Falls 
that are in tlie stream at this place. 

WiUiin tills village are two points of inter- 
est of whieli I sliall speak at lengfeli — as Miese 
points of interest were the determining ele- 
ments of our course homeward. 

1st. The Falls. At ^iTs site ^e water 
pours ovei' a ledge of rock al^out 20 feet high. 
The rock is «a conglomerate, abounding in 



245 

Ferri€ Suli>hlde. In some places, the Ferrie 
Suli>hide forms a large per cent, of tlie rock. 
As UiLs sii]]>liurous €ompoiind is more easily 
a€ted upon by tiie water than tlie othei' ele- 
ments of Ihe rock, tlie places abo-undmg most 
in it, are Hie most c(4iTcl<ly disintegrated and 
waslied away. This gives rise, in tins ro'^'k, 
to grotescj-iie and fantastit- forms. In some 
places it Ts grooved, or fluted. In olhers, Tt 
IS worn out, forming cir^iilar i^ools or basins. 
In oMiers still, dee]) holes, not more tlian from 
SIX to tw eive Tnehes in diameter, are ex€avated 
to the deptli of from one to tliree feet. These 
holes iire not always vertieal. Often tliey are 
serpentine or curved. 

2d. The Mineral Sprnjg. A little way from 
tlie Falls Ts ii strong spring of sparkling .€old 
water. To tiie taste, it Ts decidedly mnieral, 
but not dTsagreeable. ]t abounds Tn sul}>liur. 
It has a faint smell pe-ciiluir to Hydrogen Sul- 
]>hide. As seen Tn the sprTng or I'Tll whTeli 
flows fi-om Tt, Tt Ts entirely c-lear and transpar- 
ent. Biit tile trougli tJu'o wliT-eh Tt Tssues, Ts 
densely €oated wTth sulj)li[uroiis ^ompwuids, 
so mu-eh so, tiiat one might yiTnk that Tt had 
he^n artifTcially plastered over wTtii sueh ma- 



246 

tenal. And, as it flows in the rill, eaeh pebble 
upon its bottom, and eaeh blade of grass tiiat 
ehanees to bend over into its current, is 
^iTekly enerusted with yellowish sul}>liiirous 
compounds. 

This water is palatable, and, I believe, 
healtrliful. Locally, it has the reputation of 
possessing medicmal properties. The ground 
on whieh the spring is, Ts an Indian reserva- 
tion. It no^v belongs to the State. It is 
fenced, snugly walled lip witli brick and cov- 
ered wTMi boards. 

Fi"om Long Braiieh to Tiiiton Falls, tiie 
surface of tiie country is almost level ; yet, 
the soil 18, for tiie most part, well drained, 
fertile and well tilled. Garden farming is ex- 
tensively practiced. Vegetables, for tlie sea- 
side villages and for 'New York city, are pro- 
duced 111 abundance. There lire many or- 
ehards here and mueli fruit. The small fruits 
here receive special attention. The buildings 
are spacious, tasteful and well located. The 
fences are good and the roads excellent. In- 
deed, this IS a fruitful and a delightful section 
of country. 



247 

LEADSVILLE. 

JjeadsvTlle is a hamlet iipon U\e hiUy pai't 
of Moninoutii. It is surrcHiiided by a fertile 
district tiiat IS under excellent tiltrli. 



HORSE STOCK EAKM. 

Between Leads vTlle and Hoinidel is tlie 
farm owned by J. D. Williers, of horse-race 
notoriety. This fiirm, €ontamTng 450 aeres, 
IS under excellent tTlfeli. Upon it is a race- 
€Ourse. Here, too, are tlie stables in whieli iire 
kept the stallions, mlires, €olts and race horses 
of tills noted horseman. From afar, tlie 
stabes are seen. They are very extensive, and 
very €onveniently arran<i;ed. 

These stables, and the horses in tliem, iire 
under tlie care of Mr. B. Kiley. This polite 
gentleman carefully conducted us tliro tlie 
building's, slid wed lis tlie horses, jjointed mit to 
us tlieh' several peculTarltTes, &c., &c. In 
the stables of one buTldino-, iire cio-hteen mares 
With their colts — eaeli of wliTeli were foaled 
early in January last. In anotlier building 
were sixteen colts — foaled in January, 1881 ; 
liear by, were sixteen more — foaled in Jan- 



248 

nary, 1880. Of tiiTs lot, several had just re- 
turned from tlie lilees. 

Beside those above named, y^eir were sev- 
eral — perhaps twenty — stallions and mares 
that I'anged, Tn age, from tliree to tliTrty years. 
Of €ourse, tliese were horses of fam^ — tlieir 
laurels have been won. The histoiy of eaeh 
would surprise any one but a noted horseman. 
These hoi'ses lire not trotters ; the}^ are racers. 

Mr. Riley Tnfoinied us tliat he began to 
train t^ie €-olts when Miey were "yearlmgs 
past ; '' tliat, at thTs lige tliey were i-Tdden by 
bo^^s weighmg not moi'e tlian 110 lbs.; tliat 
at "two years ])ast '' tliey were sent to "tlie 
races ; " tliat, as a rule, tliey were broken 
down diirino- til e ftrst " racTnc- season;" tliat 
none but tlie very best were returned to the 
farm from " tlie races" for breeders; that the 
horses Tn tliese stables range Tn value from 
$5,000 to }if8,000 eaeli, and, tliat to buy one 
before Tt Ts bi-oken dowai, Ts q-nite Tmjiosslble. 



HOLMDEL. 

ThTs Ts another hamlet surrounded by fer- 
tTle fields, grassy knolls and flowerTng dales. 



249 

It IS upon liie miirl belt. It is an ancient 
settlement. From early times, people of cul- 
ture have dwelt here. The old mansions and 
the antTq-iie ^ilreiies tell of the wealtii, tiie 
^liltiiie and tiie piety of yore. Holmdel Ts a 
•delightful place. In and {iroiind tiie pliice, 
turn wliMi way yoil will, tlie prospect is 
beautiful, pietiirescj-ue and satisfying. Ev- 
erywhere are the emblems of wxaltli, frugality, 
€ultrire and piety. 



MARL HILLS. 

From Holmdel to Matawan the road extends 
over the Marl Hills of Monmouth. These 
hills are a part of a ehain of eminences that 
trend nortlieast and soiitliwest across the 
State, — from Sandy Hook Bay, along the 
Raritan, to Salem Cove, along the Delaware. 
In the eastern piirt of tlie range, tliey are -eall- 
ed tiie jVavesink Highlands. At any place, 
yiese hills are less tlian 400 feet high ; but, 
in this level dTstrK't, they look bold, and €an 
be seen a long way. They diversify Mie land- 
s€ape and give to the eountry a eheerful, — a 
pleasing appearance. They are always fertile 

' L2 



250 

and m the main, iire under very superior tilth. 
Those of tiie ehain tliat are in Monmout4i are 
pi€turesc|-iie. They are graceful m out line, 
sloping gently toward the SMitlieast, but 
more steeply toward tiie northwest. In some 
places, the northwest slope is almost an es- 
carpment. 

At a site upon Mie erest of these hills, a 
little west of the road that extends from 
Holmdel to Matawan, one gams an extended 
prospeet of ^le Raritan Plain, and of Raiitan 
Bay. The elevation is about 250 feet. From 
^Ts site ]N^. E. tlie landscape is grand. Al- 
most beneatli you, tlie hill is skirted by a 
plain ^lat stretehes away as far as one can 
see. AVithin tliTs beautiful plain, at the dis- 
tance of five miles, is seen tlie silvery slieen of 
Rai'itan Bay. Its siiining surface, bespangled 
wi^i snow white sails and majestic steamers, 
forms a spectacle that delights almost to 
ecstacy. Nearer by, thro the verdant plain, 
meanders tlie lordly Haritan, whose sliinmg 
surface, basking in the rays of the Summer 
siin, glitters like a polTslied mirror. Turning 
to the northwest, the prospect is hardly less 
pleasing. The fertile plain stretehes away as 



I 



251 

far as ene eaii see. Here the €urlmg smoke 
ascends from Mie lo€omotive, or from the en- 
gine of some busy worksliop ; tliere tiie sliln- 
mg siieen marks the course of ^le meandering 
river. Ilei'e peers up tiie spires and turrets of 
towns, villages and hamlets ; there, long 
ranges of hills diversify the valley or skirt the 
plain, while far away, m the dim azure, we 
des€ry that oft visited and pTeturesq-ue peak, 
known as Pickle's Mountain. 

This site we visited at 11 o'elock — at tliat 
time Til tlie day when tlie beauties of Miis 
lands€ape iire easiest viewed and the most 
striking. So pleased were we with tliTs site, 
and Mie prospeet it affords, ^at we de- 
termined to give it a name. From the marked 
facility with whi©h the spectator, upon this 
site, overlooks and siirveys so broad a belt of 
country, we called the place tiie Overlook. 

The Overlook is not mueh valued locally. 
It seems tiiat but few of the natives ever visit 
it. When wTtiiin ii mile of it, I have Tnrj-ulred 
the way to it, and I have never yet found one 
Til the neighborhood of Tt who had ever vTsTted 
Tt, or could direct me to Tt. Some knew that 
there Ts sueh a place ; biit where Tt Ts, or how 



252 

to get to Tt, iioiic €'oiild tell. T() visit Tt, one 
€an follow tlie iieaiest road fioin Holindel to 
Mt. Pleasant, until near the c-rest of the hTll, 
he anives at a road extendTng N. E. This 
I*^. E. road, after a little way, follows upon 
^e €rest of Mie rTdge, lintTl Tt termmates in 
^e road tiiat leads directly to Matawan. 
^ear the eastern terminus of tiiTs N. E. road 
IS the Overlook. From tiie €arry-all, we 
gained better views than we €onld from any 
point upon tiie ground tliereabout. 

The €ore of these hTlls is a stratum of marl 
tiiat crops out at various places along the 
northwest slope. This stratum 61 miirl is the 
layer known in ^e^v Jersey as the Lower 
Marl B^d. In tliTckness Tt varTes from ten to 
fifty feet. It consTsts largely of calcTc car- 
bonate, ]>hospiiorTc acTd, potassa and mag- 
nesia. It Ts an excellent fertTiizer. When 
applied to tlie land at tlie rate of a hundred 
loads to the acre the soil becomes very fertTle, 
and sustains a luxurTant growth of tlie cereals, 
vegetables, tlie small fruits and tlie like. ThTs 
Ts yie fertTiizer wTth whTeli tlie farmers of 
MonmoiiA have so greatly enrTehed the soil 
of ^eir farms. 



253 

As ii rule, the soil of the hills of Monmouth 
IS a sandy loam, is easy to till and is devoted to 
garden farming. And, to this kind of tilth, it 
IS well adai)ted. Here iire eiiltlvated strawber- 
ries, raspberries, blackberries, grapes, peaehes, 
plums, aprl€ots, pears and api)les ; radislies, 
beets, onions, turnips and parsnips ; celery, 
lettuce and asparagus ; peas and beans ; early 
eoi'ii ; pumpkins, sq-uaslies, watermelons, musk- 
melons, &c., &c. From Mie farms, several 
hundred thousand dollars wort^i of garden 
produce go to Isew York annually. And, to 
tliousands of laborers, tliese farms give em- 
plcH^nient. 

The strawberry erop is no^v lij^e ; and the 
farmers are busy. It is not unusual to see, in 
a single field, fifteen laborers — men, women 
and eliTldren. Many of tiiese are fresli from 
the cities or from large villages, and will stay 
here only during the fruit-gatliering season. 
When tJie fruit is gatliered, tliey will return 
to then- homes, or find emplo^^ment some- 
where else. Indeed, in Monmoutli, the Spring 
and Summer are lively. Everybody tliat will 
work IS employed. Good wages are paid, and 
everybody seems to have money. 



254 

Besides the garden farniYng, many of the 
general field erops are eiiltlvated. Here grow 
luxuriantly, wheat, rye, €orn and grass. And, 
biit for the cireumstance tliat garden farinino: 
pays better ^laii the eiilture of the cereals, 
Monmouth would eq-ual, if it did not excel, 
any €Minty in the State — or in tlie Union — in 
yie produ€ts of rye, wheat and €orn. 

Upon tJie plains of Monmoutli, there is less 
garden farming and more attention is given 
to the culture of the cereals. Of tJie cereals, 
Monmouth, aere for acre, produces hei' siiare. 

During the afternoon, while we were pass- 
ing tiiro tiiat part of MonmoutJi in whieh 
grows the strawbei'iy, there occurred a very 
severe sliower. Thereupon ^lere occurred a 
panic among the strawberry pickers. This 
we witnessed. It was lively. In many re- 
spects it was laughable. We fail to see why 
a man should run to get CH.it of the rain after 
he has become soaked with water. 

After the slio^ver, along the road, were not 
a few strawberiy pickers. All of them had 
tongues ; all of tliem could talk. And, in 
case one did not want a tart reply, it was best 
to ask no cj-uestions, nor to make any remarks. 



255 

Among tiiemselves, there was ceaseles.s jab- 
bering. Generally, the subje€t of conversa- 
tion related to tlie number of baskets of 
berries he or slie €oiild pick in a specilied 
time, and tiie wages tiiey should, or could, get 
for Mieir labor. In general, this talk wjis 
pretty large. 

The styles of dress worn by tiiese berry 
pickers were numerous — sometimes attractive 
— often fantastic. For variety of styles, they 
exceeded anything we have met. Among the 
men the styles ran — high hats, low hats, fur 
hats, silk hats, wool hats, straw hats, no- 
crowned hats, no-rimmed hats ; tight pants, 
loose pants, sliort pants, almost no pants; 
heavy shoes, light shoes, high siioes, low slioes, 
no heeled shoes, no slioes at all ; dress coat, 
sack coat, sailor coat, roundabout, monkeytail, 
swallowtail, no tail ; white siiTrt, elieck sliirt, 
red sliirt, dirty shirt ; gloved hands, bare 
hands ; bare arms, bare backs, bare breasts, 
bare feet and bare legs. 

Among the women, the styles were — long 
skirts, sliort skirts, loose skirts, tight skirts, 
make believe skirts ; large flounce, small 
flounce, ruflled flounce, fringed flwmce. 



256 

floiiiice before, flcKince behind, flounced off; 
basq-Lie tight, basq-ae loose, wT^ long sleeves, 
short sleeves, no sleeves ; hats slapped iip be- 
fore, hats slapped up behind, hats slapped up 
at the side, hats wTtliaut slaps ; straw hats, 
velvet hats, broad rimmed hats, no rimmed 
hats, rag hats, no hats. 

The faces of these ladies were as various as 
their dresses. There were lono^ faces, short 

— — — o , — ^ 

faces, straight faces, erooked faces, hideous 
faces, dirty faces, smutty faces, and very 
many impudent faces. 



MATAWAN^. 

Matawan, formerly ealled MTddletown Point, 
IS a village that began to be a place of busi- 
ness long ago. In many respe€ts, it is an 
" old-time " village. It has a population of 
about 2500. It is quite compact. The streets 
are broad, well piked, and well supplied Avith 
shade trees. The buildings, in many eases, 
are old-time structures — plain, substantial, 
convenient and inviting. As a rule, the en- 
virons of the dwellings are tasteful and ample. 
A social, generous, enterprising people live here. 



257 

The elmrehes are plain, isiibstantial and spa- 
cious. The stores are large and well supplied 
wTyi mereliandlse. The slio])S are attractive. 
The hotels are clean, and seem to be properly 
kept. 

The bnsTness of Matawan Ts commei'ce, or 
\oeh\ trade. 



OLD BRIDGE. 

Old Bridge Ts a small village on tJie banks 
of Swith River. Here are two ehurehes — 
Baptist and MeyiodTst. The dwellings of this 
village are small and scattered. The land 
aroiuid U^q village is sandy and not well suit- 
ed to agi-Iculture. Yet, Tn some ])laces, Tt is 
tilled wTtli some degree of success. Along 
t4ie streams are flats. These, Tn some cases, 
are adapted to cranberiy culture. A beautiful 
mars^i of cranbei'i-Tes Ts tTlled along Tenant's 
Creek, near the road. In tiie uncultivated 
marslies, cranberrTes grow wild. In some 
places along tiie sides of the road, we saw tiie 
vines growTng luxiirTantly. 

The valley, or basTn of Soiifeli RTver, where 
we crossed Tt, Ts several miles wide, The soil 



258 

of this basm is, for the most part, sandy and 
wooded wT^i pine and an undergrowtli of 
huckleberry, stagger busiies, €almTa, mosses 
and liehen — excepting along the streams. 
Along the streams the soil is peaty, wet and 
marsliy. Upon it grow pines and swamp oak, 
wTtli an undergrowtli of black alder, brambles, 
smilax, ferns and wild cranberries. Here 
thrives the mosq-uTto ; and, here exists malaria. 
At MTlltown, iipon the banks of Lawrence 
Brook, are the water works that supply ISTew 
Brunswick wTtii water. Across this rivulet 
IS a substantial dam about twenty feet high, 
and perfectly level iipon the top. Over the 
edge of this dam from side to side, the water 
was pouring in a slieet about two inehes deep. 
The spectacle was grand and tlie noise awful, 
yet delightful. So liniforni was ^le stratum 
of falling water, and so level the bed of the 
stream into which it fell, that the sound pro- 
duced was a tone — a musical note — sustained 
with wonderful precYsion. This was a ^Tng 
that delighted and edified. 



259 

Academy of Science and Aet, 
RiNGOs, :N^. J., June 29, 1882. 

We arrived home this eveiiTng about 5 
o'clock. All seemed joyous — glad ^lat tiie 
trip was completed. 

We broke €amp this morning at six o'clock. 
The sky was elear and the air salubrious. All 
were m good health and in good spirits. All 
complained of the mosq-aitos. Swollen faces, 
swollen eyes, swollen lips, swollen hands €Ould 
be seen anywhere in tlie party. Indeed, some 
of the faces are so swollen that tlie j>iiysiog- 
nomy appears hideous. I have seldomly 
known mosq4iTtos to be so voracious — so 
troublesome. 

At ]N^ew Brunswick, we visited Uie museum 
of Rutgers College. In tliTs museum, ai"e 
several rare specimens of minerals, many rare 
fossils and not a few rare animals. Notable 
amou"- the fossils are several liiro-e slabs of 
rock from White Hall, MontvTlle Townsliip, 
Morris Co., N. J. Upon these, are tlie tracks 
of animals of the reptilian age, as vTvTd as if 
made but yesterday. Notable among the 
stuffed sknis of animals, is tiie Ornitlioryn- 



260 

€hus — a €nrious ac|-uati€ animal, native of 
Anstralia. 

For study, tlie miiseum at Rutgers is won- 
derfully well arranged. We know of no mu- 
seum yiat IS better fitted up for study 
purposeg. The minerals are well classified, 
the fossils are arranged according to age, 
period and epoch, and Mie ornTMiologTcal col- 
lection consists of ^lose specimens siiited to 
the illustration of types. 

At Rutgers, tlie stiidents had a good time — 
prof itiible and pleasing. 

From N^ew Brunswick, we hastened home. 
The da}^ was favorable, the sky was clear, the 
air salubrious and the roads good. The stii- 
dents were eheerful and tlie time passed very 
pleasantly. 

The trip has been successful. We have 
sustained no accidents, l^o one has become 
sick. No one has become discouraged. From 
the dawn of tliat beaiitTfiil morning lipon 
whieh we left tlie Academy, until tlic twilight 
of this serene and saliibrToiis evening, there 
has been ceaseless eheerfulness, untiring in- 
dustry and ardent zeal. In every piirticiilar, 
the students h^v^e so nobly acq^-iitted them- 



261 

selves, ^lat I shall i-emember this trip to the 
sea as one of the best of nil my efforts at 
teaehiiig Tii tlie field. Nor less €ommendably 
€an I s))eak of my €olleagnes. Fi-om the f Trst 
to tlie last, lintlrTiigly, tliey have labored for 
tlie general €omfort of tlie party, and for the 
siiecess of the enterprise. 



APPENDIX A. 



Expenses Incurred in Making the Tour of 
Central New Jersey. 



In preparmg foi* a Toiii", Tt has been Mie 
eustom Uiat Mrs. Larlson — who is the direetor 
of yie €iiTsi]ie, — has stated to tlie students 
what amo^mt of provTsion is necessaiy for the 
trip, what amount of eaeli kind of provTsion 
will l)e needed, how Tt must be prepared and 
when Tt sliall be prepared or pro€iired ; — and 
when and how Tt slirdl be packed Tn the carry- 
all. Many of the students lire tiie daughters 
or sons of farmers. Hence, from home, can be 
taken many artTcles of tJie best of food, and at 
cost that Ts not felt. Those who are boardTng 
wTtii strangers, Tn or near tlie vTllage, and 
would have to piirehase whatever tiiey con- 
trT])uted towards tiie stock of provTsion, are 



263 

advised to invest tlie ammint tliat tliey iire 
expected to contribute in siicli things, as are 
of necessity or convenience, piireliased by the 
way. Sugar, coffee, milk, berries, fisii and 
the like can be bought by tiie wil}', as tliey 
are needed. And, by so doing, tlie load is 
made less. 

That it may appear ho^v tlie arrangement 
tor the provYsion for tliTs tour was made, I 
append the following talkie, — prepared by Mrs. 
Larison : 



Lambert Reed, fuhnished 

15 lbs. sugar, (7;' lie $1 65 

Mary Rudebock, 



*1 65 



7 fts. sausage 87 

2 loaves bread 20 

86 eggs, @ .02 72 

8 ibs. cheese, @ 15 1 20 

2 tumblers jelly, @, 10 , 20 

1 cake 30 

3 49 

Bknnte L. Johnson, 

12 fts. clieese. @ 16 1 92 

24 eggs 48 

2 loaves bread 20 

1 cake BO 

2 90 

Orviij.e Dilts, 

5 fts coffee 1 25 

30 light cake 30 

bread 20 

14 lbs. ham, (rt; 14 1 96 

1 cake 30 

4 01 



264 

Sarah, Mary and George Prali., 

14 fts. ham, @ 14 1 96 

(i loaves breaa 60 

')6 eiii>» 72 

1 cake aO 

3 o8 

Jennie Dilts, 

2 loaves biead 20 

1 cake 30 

1 doz. eggs 24 

1 qt. salt 04 

i It), pepper 16 

6 tbs. crackers 75 

1 doz. candles 18 

1 87 

Lizzie Larue, 

8 ft)s. butter, @, 20 1 GO 

14 eggs 28 

2 cakes ; . . 60 

28 jumbles 30 

8^ lbs. dried beef, @ 25 2 12 

2 cans of plums 40 

3 loaves biead 30 

5 60 

C. W. Larison, 

1 cak e 30 

4 loaves bread 40 

30 fts. ice 10 

8 qts. strawberries, (aj .08 64 

25 lb?, fisb, @ .06 1 50 

6 qts. strawberries, @ 10 60 

3| lbs. crackers 40 

1 doz. lemons 23 

3 beads cabbage 18 

8 ttis. fisb, @. 08 64 

4 99 

Whole cost of provisions |28 09 

Whole cost of provisions for each 1 76 

Yacht hire 3 00 

Tax of each for yacht hire 15 

From the above, it appeal's that the entire 
€ost of provisions consumed while upon this 
toiir of 7 days, was |28.09 ; tiiat of tiiTs sum, 
eaeh was req-nired to pay $1.76 ; and ^lat eaeh 



265 

©ne was taxed 15 cts. for liie hire of the yacht 
foi" tiie sail lipon liie Bay, making it -e-ost eaeli 
person for tiie entire trip, (excepting- team 
hire,) only fl.91, whieli Is abo-iit half of t^ie 
•e'ost of 7 days board In tlie village of KIngos. 

AVhen we had arrived home, tiie entire €ost 
of pi'ovisions and sileii oliier tilings (not re- 
lating to team or vehicle) as were lised by tiie 
party Avas ascertained, a dividend striick, and 
to tiiose who had €oiitrIbuted Tin amoiint more 
tlian tiiat Indleated hy tiie dividend was re- 
funded tiie amoiuit diie tlieni, while those who 
had not contributed ^le aincHint re(j4ilred were 
Informed ho^v niueli tliey were In arreai's, set- 
tled witii and tiie party disbanded. 

To show an approximate €ost of teams and 
vehicle while making a toiir, J ap[)eiid tiie bill 
of €0st for provender and for otlier expenses 
Ineiirred by tiie wily, In making tiie tour of 
Central ^^ J. 

2 bn. oats $ 1)0 

" '^ 1 20 

1 bii. corn 50 

1 b-.. oats 60 

4 bu. oats, (ffj 75 .3 00 

1 bale hay 1 60 

2^ bu. oals 1 75 

2| bu. oats 1 83 

Sundry hardware 1 63 

New tools 1 40 

Land rent at the ocean 2 00 

Kerosene 20 

Rope 1 00—117 61 

M 



APPENDIX B. 



OUR SAIL ON BARNEGAT BAY. 



AN ESSAY BY J AXE DTLTS. 



Read at the Sixfli Anmvermry of the Acarlemy of Scievcc 
and Art at Bitigos, N. J., Jidt/ 12th, 1882. 



WitJiTn liie eastern ITmTts of New Jersey, 
extends ^lat cj4ilet and beautTful Tnl)reakTno- of 
tile ocean €alled Barnegat Bay. On tlie west, 
it Ys bmmded by the inain land of ISTew Jer- 
sey ; on Mie east, by Sq-iian Peiiinsnla and a 
few small Islands. ThTs liay dTseliiirges Tts 
water Mirg several small inlets into tlie At- 
lantic Ocean. In lengtli, tliTs Bay Ts abwit 
twenty-eight miles, and Tts wTdtli ranges from 



267 



©ne to ten miles. Tt is navigable, Mirooat its 
whole lengt4i, for small crafts, sueli as row- 
boats, sebooners, yachts and tiie like. 

For i)leasnrTng, wT^i a yacht, tliis bay is 
far famed. As we were desirous of knowing 
sometliYng of sailing, and of tiie pleasures at- 
tending an excursion upon water, it was de- 
termined tiiat we sliould ehai'ter a yacht and 
enjoy a sail. Almost everyone who has ever 
been sailing, feliTnks Tt pleasant ; and, to me, Tt 
Ts an exq-aisTte delight. My attention was so 
taken up wTlh tlie prospeet of a pleasant sail, 
that even before we left RTngos, I thought of 
Tt, talked of Tt, and almost dreamed of ^e 
pleasure we siiould have when we go sailTng. 

We believe Miat no small part of piety €on- 
sTsts Tn lookTng Tnto tlie works of the Creator, 
and Tn makTng an honest endeavor to appre- 
cTate and enj(W those thTngs, tJiat a wise 
Creator has foi'ined, to siiow mortal man the 
great €are ti^at hTs Maker has manTfested Tn 
€onstru€tTno: the elements of nature on the 
prTncIple of tlie beautTful and tlie good. In 
obedTence to tliTs fiiitli, we decided to praetTce 
piety, on Sunday, June 25th, 1882, by so dTs- 
posTng ourselves tJiat we €ould apprecTate the 



268 

beauties of the landscape of Bai'negat Bay 
and Its environs, and enjo^' that q-uiet, pensive 
condition of mind tliat attends tiie tJioughtfiil 
student when passively bronght into tiie sight 
of tlie beautiful, and under the influence of 
tiiose elements of I^^atTire ^at conduce to 
healtii and comfort, and leads him to render 
fit homage to the Divine Arelilteet. 

A€€ordmgly, we determined to arrange for 
a yacht, and fixed upon twelve o'clock, noon, 
as the time to set sail. 

At Bahed is a yacht ^-ompany owning 
four splendid yachts. These are kept to a€- 
4tommodate sileli parties as may wisii to sail 
upon tlie bay. Eaeii yacht is manned by ii 
^aptam and his mate. Of his yacht, ea^i 
€aptaTii IS very proud. And, of its "smart- 
ness," he IS evei' ready to tell extravagant 
stories. 

Of tiie affairs of this fleet of yachts, Elijah 
Chadwick, a warm friend of our Principal, is 
Commodoi-e. So, to secure a yacht, there was 
no difficulty. Indeed, when we were making 
arrangements for the yacht, tlie Commodoi'e 
manifested great ]Dleasure Tii having an oppor- 
tunity to f uriiTsli us wTtii an outfit. He said 



269 

we sliould have Ihe best yacht m Uie fleet, and 
he would send with it, the most expert and 
the most a€€omplTslied eaptain he had in his 
emplcH^ A€€ordTngly, the yacht named ]S[. 
W. Morris, was assigned to us for the day. 
Of tilts yacht Mr. Lewis Crane was the cap- 
tain. He seemed to be a man about tiiirty 
years old, — an individual of great experience 
and very polite. WTtli him, we were all mueii 
l)leased. In his vTsage, we €ould see he had 
determined to afford iis a fine sail, and a 
pleasant time. Indeed, it was very apparent 
yiat tlie €aptain felt pi-etty prMid of his yacht, 
of himself, and of liavTng the opportunity of 
taking the pai'tT^iilar friends of liTs emplcn^er 
out n})on sue4i an o€-easi6n. A€€or/lTngly, he 
had carefully dressed himself Tn liTs sailor siiit, 
whieli, to lis, was very attractive. Upon the 
band of hTs hat, and upon the belt with whidi 
he was girded, was the name of the yacht 
whTeh he commanded, as well as tlie nauic of 
himself. 

Thiis dressed and adorned, he made a fine 
appearance; and, I am not srire that some of 
us were not a little proud tc) be sent out wTtii 
a captain of sileh style and siieh capabilities 



270 

But, what was in tiie futui'c, was rj^ilte as un- 
known to us, as it was to hini. From the 
siibllme to Mie rldi^Tilous, there is but one 
short step. And, tJiis step is often taken 
when we are least prepared to bear its -eoiise- 
cj-uences. 

Our party consisted of sixteen persons. 
The yacht was manned by the captain and his 
mate. Hence, in all there were on board 
eighteen j^ersons. 

While the captain and hTs mate were get- 
ting tiie yacht out into tlie ehaimel, and all 
UiTngs seemed to be Avorking admirably, we 
asked him when slie was built. With this 
fj-uestion he seemed to be very mueh pleased, 
and with a considerable of pomposity, and a 
deal of complacency, he replied: "In the 
year 187G; but, she is just as good as new." 
With this statement and with his attention, 
he evidently saw we were very miich jjleased. 

While he was 3^et speaking, he ran tlie sail 
up to its fiill height, and we began to move 
rapidly, and oh! how delightfully. Every 
heart seemed glad. Delighted eyes looked into 
smiling faces, and happy voices greeted j(H^ful 



271 

ears. Indeed, we were as happy and as j<H'ous 
as mortals iire ever allowed to be. 

But, we had gone but ii s^iort distanee when 
IX heavy gust of wTnd struek feiie sail. At 
once, the captain seemed to be a man of stern- 
ei- (|-nalities. Upon the cordage he made a 
heavy surge, and with ii ^'oice tliat told he 
meant business, he sliouted to his mate : 
''Tend t(.) tiiat helm." As he gave further 
orders to his mate, his language was so 
watery, or ratlier, it was made up of so 
many of tiie words and phrases peeliliar to 
water-faring men, tiiat Ave understood as little 
of what he said, as we w^ould if he had spoken 
in Greek. But, tlie sternness of liTs voice, his 
own rapid movements, and tlie anxious €0«un- 
tenance of hTs mate, told plainly that things 
were not entirely satisfactory. 

But, in a moment, ^le breeze was gentle, 
and tiie captain was ^le same €oin])lacent and 
obliging gentleman we found him to be when 
first we stepped on board his yacht. 

AgaTn we moved along, oh, so gallantly ! 
The big sail was so steadily pi'essed by the 
soil til western breeze; so gracefully we moved 
along ; rapidly we passed from the port ; and 



272 

so liH])])y and so light was cveiy heart ! 

Nor was tJiei'o one on board who seemed to 
be Tn belter s])TrTts Mian tJie €a])taTn. He 
talked ])layfnlly. He gave us the history of 
oiir vessel and Tts €ai)ac;ity. He told us tiie 
A^acht m whT€4i we were sailiiio;- Avas tJie 
" smallest '' boat upon tlie bay. He told us 
of the pleasures and happy hoiu's that awaited 
lis. He pointed wit objects of interest. In 
short, he seemed entirely devoted to us, and 
detcrniTned to favor us with tlie grandest 
treat Ms art could afford. 

Thus we sailed, — rajndly, gracefully, plea- 
santly, for one half hwir. The sky was almost 
cloudless, and Mie scenery wjis grand. The 
verdant siiore of tiie bay was beautiful. The 
q-Qiet surface of her silvery sheen never siione 
more brightly. Here and t^iere, Tn the dTs- 
tance, we could descry a snow-white sail of 
some small craft. Far do^n tlie dunes, we 
saw tJie new ATllages by tJie sea. Here ex- 
tended the broad meadows, beaiitTful wTtii 
waving verdilre. While, fai'ther on, as far as 
the limits of vTsion, extended tiie somber ver- 
dure of the woods of pine. 

Upon Aose spectacles we gazed. A eheer- 



273 

fill pensiveness shone from every face. Every 
heart seemed to be filled with delight. The 
Principal, standing upon the bow of tlie yacht, 
was pointing out siieh objects as he wiehed to 
engage our attention. But, suddenly there 
was a flaw m the breeze ; a sudden gust 
struck the sail, and seemed to earry the yacht 
violently fi'om her eourse. Then tiiere was 
anxiety; then there was consternation. Then 
there flowed a flood of those words and 
I>hrases peeulTar to sailors when danger is 
nigh. The attention of all was now directed 
to the yacht and the wind. All was anxl ety ; 
but, sooner tJian tlie sails could be sliTfted, 
another gale swelled tlie canvas. This struck 
with such force that it broke the mast ofl" 
down short to its socket, and swept it and tlie 
sails clear of Mie deck. 

Held by tiie cordage, the mast with the 
canvas lay extended iipon the water by the 
side of the yacht. 

We were now in the middle of tJie bay 
completely wrecked and at ^e mercy of the 
wind and the waves. Biit, none of the party 
was hurt ; and, excepting the captain and 

M2 



274 

mate, only ene was frightened. Indeed, not a 
few of us langhect. 

It IS an old saying that tiiose who know 
nothing, fear notliTng. ThTs must have been 
the €ase with us. For, tlie captain was 
dumbfounded. Speeehless, for a moment he 
stood, surveying the wreck in amazement. 
The people on the shore, and those who were 
sailing at a distance were terribly excited ; so 
mueh so that as many of them as €ould, hast- 
ened to our relief. 

As soon as tlie captain was entirely satis- 
fied respecting tiie helpless -condition he was 
in, he siiouted for assistance. And, in tliTs 
effort, I don't believe an Indian could have 
made a louder or a more frightful noise. To 
tiie ends of the bay it flew, and, almost as 
soon as the echo from the high dunes and ^le 
distant pine forest was heard, we saw yachts 
and lesser barks sliTfting sail and heading 
toward our wreck. 

Hereupon, the captain, crestfallen and dis- 
mayed, m a kind of soliloquy, as he lookect up- 
on ^e sail and cordage floating upon tlie bay, 
shouted : " Every^iTng is overboard, but ^e 
mast and sail* and that is overboard too." 



275 

But, we were not long alone. In ten mm- 
lites, time, six boats were along side of Mie 
wreck, leady to render any aid we might need. 
In every €ase, the first Tncj^.i!i'y was : "Is any 
one hurt ? Is any one overboard '? " 

As soon as tiiey learned that no one had 
been Injured, they began to inq-uire the eause 
of yie disaster. To ^le first one Tnq-uirmg, 
the €aptam made this reply: "All is right 
now ; but, there €ame a heavy puff of wind 
that tried our sail. The boat stood still, while 
the mast took a knock down. 

All who €ame to oiir assistance, expressed 
gratification tliat we escaped harm, and so 
well maintained composiire. They told us 
Miat a yacht had already been sent out to take 
us from the wreck, and soon would be at hand. 
So, our anxiety was ended. 

The yacht whieh was sent expressly to re- 
lieve the wreck, and to take iis to complete 
the sail of tlie afternoon, was soon along side 
of our disabled bark. As soon as the invita- 
tion was given, we went on board. Her 
course was directed do^vn Mie bay. As we 
departed, we bade adieu to Captain Crane and 
his mate. The captain tried to keep up a 



276 

eheerfiil front ; l)iit it was too transparent. 
HTs feelings were too easily read. A sadder 
countenance was never seen npon a -crestfallen 
bravo, than tiie captatn presented when he 
stepped OTit of his wrecked yacht, into the 
little boat ^lat had been sent to convey him 
home. 

The name of tlie yacht tliat was sent to ouv 
relief is Anna. She is not q-iiite so large as 
the ]S^. W. Morris ; nor was there so inueh 
style about her. But, she was commodious 
and nicely arranged ; and we tried to persuade 
ourselves tliat slie was safer tlian the one on 
which we were wrecked. And tlien, we be- 
gan to say to each otlier : "After all, it is 
better to go in safety, even if our yacht does 
not look so stylTsii." 

Our new captain was an elderly man who 
had been 12 years upon tlie broad ocean. HTs 
countenance sliow^ed that he was stern, and he 
seemed to be very careful. WTtli him was his 
mate and an assistant. Conseq-iiently aboard 
of this boat were 19 persons. Fearing the 
unsteadiness of the wind, before starting, he 
took in a reef. Biit ^le wind soon l)ecame so 
6tr5ng that we went q-iilte rapidly — just fast 



277 

enough to ride smoothly and givii us a good 
view of yie landscape. Quickly we became 
oblivious of our disaster, and became absorbed 
m the beauties of our environs and the plea- 
sure of the sail. 

As we w^ere sailino- down the head of the 

— — o 

bay, we passed the estuary of tlie Metede€onk 
liTver. Viewed from our yacht, it looked iTke 
a slieen of silver, stretehing far away thro the 
bright glistening green of the Salt Meadows. 

We soon passed tliro a narrow eiiaimel call- 
ed the GuniiTno- DTteh. Below this, the bay 
is wider and the prospect more grand. Here 
the shore is sinuous and curves gracefully, 
forming beautiful inlets, delightful €Oves, 
pT-etriresc[ue eapes and pleasing pemnsiilas. 
Farther switli, Kettle Creek empties into the 
bay. Here too, a silvery slieen stretehes far 
away and becomes lost to view in the great 
pine forest. Farther soiith, is Mosq-uTto 
Cove. At this place, near STlvei'ton, we made 
a landmg. At this place, we let off ene of the 
sailors who came to our relief. 

From this point, we sailed south-eastward 
around a beaiitTful cape, or headland, into 
Goose Bay. As it was then a quarter before 



278 

four o'€l6€k, we headed uorfeliward and aailed 
toward home. 

While dIre€tTiig oiir course southward, we 
went aboiit ten miles down the bay. As the 
wind was against us, ouv course was very 
crooked — so miieh so tiiat the path traversed 
was not less tlian 25 miles. Altho we sailed 
swiftly, it rec|^.iired three hours and a c|4iarter 
to go out. But, as the wind wjis with us 
while returning, we came baek m about an 
hoiir and five miniites. Thiis it is seen that 
we sailed at tlie rate of more than nine 
knots an hour. 

We arrived home at five o'clock, P. M., — a 
party of happy stiidents. As we landed, one 
of the girls said slie was glad, once more, to 
set foot on solid land. But, this feeling did 
not pervade the breasts of many in tlie party ; 
and, as for me, I would have liked it better, 
had we reached home not q-uite so early. 



APPENDIX C. 



THE VILLAGES BY THE SEA. 



BY MAKY li, IIUDEBOCK. 



An Essay Read at the Sixth Anniversary of the Academy 
of Science and Art at Rinr/os, N. J., July 12, 1882. 



Upon tlie eastern eoast of JSTew Jersey, be- 
tween the noi-yiern portion of Barnegat Bay, 
and the southern shore of the estuary of 
Shrewsbury Kiver, are lo€ated the " Tillages by 
the Sea." These villages are far famed, and are 
more generally noted than any other ones up- 
on Ae American continent. This happens 
from the peculiarity of situation, salubrious- 



280 

ness of atmoH|:>here, beauty of arehitecture, 
and pi€turesc|-iieness of scenery. 

To tlie vTsitmg of these villages, and to the 
surveying of their constituents, and environs, 
we devoted the entire day of the 26th of June, 
1882. A deseription of eaeh, I beg leave to 
submit. 

Where the parallel of forty de grees and five 
minutes north latitude crosses the meridian of 
seventy-four degrees and two minutes, west 
longitude, stands that yoiing and growing 
village called Bahed. It is built upon a low, 
sandy plain, that skirts the nortliern shore 
of Barnegat Bay. Its site is neither beautiful 
nor pleasant. And yet, it seems destined to 
grow to larger proportions. At present it 
contains about thirty cottages and two hotels. 
These buildings have all been erected witiim 
three years. So rapidly is the village growing, 
that twenty-two houses have been built this 
year. 

Altho ^Ts village is built upon a low sandy 
plain, and is supplied wT^i very poor water, 
and is terribly infested with mosfj-uitos, it has 
one advantage that is especially wor^iy of 
note. It is the advantage for bathing. Here 



281 
t4ie natural facTlTties for Ijathiiio- are excellent. 

> — — c5 ) 

Indeed, ol all U^e places we saw upon Hie 
beaeli, this is Mie best. Here the slope of tlie 
bottom of the sea is very gentle, and the 
waves €6me in wTtli less force tlian tiiey do 
where it is steeper. 

From tins place we started to return home 
from our tour to ^e sea, J line 26th, at q-iiarter 
past seven, A. M. It was a bright and beau- 
tiful morning. The iiir was bracing and 
balmy. The neighboring foi'cst was vo-cal 
w^Ttli songs of tlie robin and tiirusli. S-earcely 
a cloud €ould be seen. All were eheerful. 
Altho we had had a pleasant time at Bii- 
hed, I did not hear anyone express a regret 
in leavTng tlie place, so anxious were we to 
visit the other villages by tlie sea. 

From Balled, we went to Manasc^ian. 
Our course was almost directly nortli. On 
our way, we passed" tliro East Point Pleasant, 
a new and growTng place. 

Farther on is Manasfj-iian River. At the 
place at whieh we crossed" tliTs stream, it is 
nearly a mile wide, and over it Ts an open 
bridge that affords a delightful prospect. 
Here we had a splendid view. On tlie west- 



282 

ern side, far lip, the silvery sheen was border- 
ed wTlh €urving banks. And, on Hie water, 
was many a sail ; and, emerging from tlie 
water, was many an Island, verdant with grass, 
and bnslies, and forests of pine. This land- 
scape, lighted up by the morning sun, was 
grand. Upon tliTs, for a while, we gazed, and 
here we meditated. 

Beyond tlie river is Manasq-uan village. 
Here are several very handsome residences, 
and very many cozy houses. Here is a splen- 
did and commodious hotel, and several large 
stores. Here are numerous workshops, and 
many industrious meehanics. EverytliTng 
here looks active and neat. Indeed, Maiia- 
sc|-uan IS a beautiful town, and does a consid- 
erable of business. 

In tills town tlie walks are not paved or 
planked, like those of the towns in oi.ir county. 
Instead of bi'Tcks and plank, tliey use sand for 
making walks. But, these sand-made walks 
are good and substantial, and answer all tiie 
purposes demanded for comfort and ease. 

^ortlieast of Manascj-uan is Sea Girt. This 
village has been lately built. There are but 
few buildings here ; biit tliey are specimens of 



283 

excellent iirehlteeture. Here is a splendid 
hotel, built upon an eminence but a little way 
from the sliore. It is arranged to a€€ommo- 
date one hundred and sixty boarders. And, 
altho the terms for board are three dollars per 
day, every room is o€€upied. 

The hotel is so loeated ^lat from its piazzas 
one has an extensive prospeet of the sea. 
Around this hotel, and sotitli of tiie main €ot- 
tages, are excedent drives, and beautiful 
groves. Here is a place for good teams and 
splendid vehicles. In every respect Sea Girt 
is a high toned place. 

North of Sea Girt is Spring Lake. This is 
another new place tiiat is growing rapidly. 
Nortli of Spring Lake Ts Sea Plain, another 
small village by the sea. 

Between Sea Plain and Shark PTver, tlie 
ground is low and marsliy. Here iire exten- 
sive peat bogs. Here llie eranberiy grows 
wild ; and here are dense ^iTckets of brambles, 
smilacena, magnolia, and a(j^iatT€ plants. 

Ocean Beaeh Ts a growing town on the 
south bank of tliat body of water known as 
Shark Piver', It Ts destined to be a large 
town, Tf not a cTty. It Ts buTlt upon an eleva- 



284 

ted plain, and commands a good view of the 
ocean. Here are fine houses, and large, €6m- 
modioiis hotels, large stores and bnsy work- 
shops. Here are broad streets, and excellent 
drives, wide pavements, and convenient prom- 
enades, spacious dooryards, and neat parterres. 
Indeed, Ocean Beaeli contains the cottages of 
the elite. 

Contmviing on our way, we crossed the 
brTdge over ^e estnary of Shark KTver. The 
estiiary of tliYs river is broad. From . the 
bridge tiie prospect is grand. In the estiiary 
we saw niimerous people engaged in crab- 
fishing, and clam catching, — bianehes of 
business ^lat aifoi-d a living for many a water 
faring fellow, and many a water-farer's family. 

I^orfeli of Shark River, is a small village 
called Neptilne. It is a new place, and con- 
sists of a few scattered hwises. 

Nort4i of this place, in a willow grove, we 
stopped to dine. The grove is by Mic side of 
a much travelled road. Conseq-aently while 
here, many people passed. As they observed 
our outdoor mode of dining, we caused a great 
deal of inq-uiry. Some of this was very amus- 
ing, and some very ridiciilous, As they were 



285 • 

passing 111 loads, some remarked" : " I wonder 
whetiier ^lat is a pi€-nT€, or a band of 
gypsies." Another said : " Well, they look 
€ozy, don't tiiey ? " Another remaiked : 
" They are a happy set." While tlie more 
boisterous shouted : "I hope you jii-e enjoy- 
ing yourselves." While one load, evidently a 
little too mueh laden wTtii lager beer, shouted: 
•'Good bye, I hope we will see you again." 

The first place we reaehed after dinner, was 
Ocean Park. ThTs village is built upon tiie 
land adjoining Ocean Grove. The place is 
small, biit regularly laid out, beautiful and 
prosperous. 

Ocean Grove is a religious eorporation, 
founded by, and under tlie direction of, tiie 
Methodist Epis€opal C'hureli. The govern- 
ment of tlie village is very rigtd, and tliTngs 
here ai'e very c|-iilet. Here every year Metlio- 
dist €amp meeting is held. These meetings 
usually begin in August. At these meetmgs, 
tluHisands of people assemble; and yet, not- 
withstanding this great €on€Ourse of people, 
^ey maintain perfe€t order. The village is 
fenced in, and eaeii street is guarded by a 
gate. When we had arrived at a gate open- 



286 

mg into a main avenue, we drove in, and be- 
gan a survey of Mie vTllage, and its environs. 

Driving slow^ly up Broadway we had a good 
eliance to look at tiie buildings. Here, on 
eiMier side of tlie street, are cottages built in 
Uie most siiowy and attractive styles. Nar- 
row facades, and siiiirp gables, drooping €or- 
nices, wTlJi long pendants, long, slender 
columns supporting narrow verandas, and 
spacious porticos, and commodious piazzas, 
are leading factors in arehitectiire here. 

A favorite color for tiie cottages seemed to 
be green and red. But. some of the porticos 
were faced with a delicate shade of bine ; 
others wTUi a delicate sliade of green. But, Tn 
all cases tlie aim seemed to be gaudy. 

Between the cottJXges, and upon some open 
places, were tents. Invariably, they wei-e as 
clean and white, as if tliey had been brought 
from ^le bleaeliTng sward. This gives to tlie 
place i-ather a pTctiiresct-iie appearance. Many 
of these tents were really beailtiful ; and as 
dwellTng places, they looked cozy and com- 
f(~)rtable. vSome of them were provided witJi 
])iazzas and windows, whieli, perhaps, added 
as muBli to Hieir beauty as to Mieir utility. 



287 

These tents are for rent, and iire o€€upied 
by those who have not tJie means to hire a 
€ottage. The rent of a tent is always lower 
tiian tliat of a cottage. 

In Ocean Grove are many large and hand- 
some hotels. And yet, tiie hotels here iire not 
so pretentious as those at many otiier places. 
Here too, iire liirge stores, and excellent 
miirkets. 

Coming up to tiie Pavilion over the sea, at 
the termtnus of Broad way, we all dismounted 
and went out upon it, in order to get an idea 
how a favihon is €onstru€ted, and how the 
dressing rooms, near it, iire arranged. 

In building this pavilion, timbers of tiiat 
shape called piles, iire driven into tlie ground, 
at the bottom of the sea. Upon these piles 
iire €ross-timbers, upon whieh are laid boards, 
making -k ])latform. This platform becomes 
the floor ; and, over it, by means of columns, 
is constructed a roof, converting the whole 
into a ])rivili6n. This i)avili6n is liirge enou^jfh 
to accommodate 1,000 people, and is abundant- 
ly provided wiMi seats. Here sit tiie people 
to wateli tiie biitiiers flmindering in tiie briny 



288 

siirf, or to look at the billows of the restless 
ocean. 

I*^ear by ^le pavilion, on eitiier side, iire the 
dressing rooms. These iiie bnilt in rows, like 
houses along a stieet. Eaeh one Ts provided 
wTtJi all tlie -t'onveniences necessary to the 
bathe)'. ISt-deh person wh() is a€€ust6med to 
l)atiie has a room. To eaeh room tiiere Ts a 
key; and, ^e batlier holds thTs dressing-room, 
or batiiTng room, as it Ts sometimes called, as 
sa€red as tiie room Tn whTeli he sleeps, or the 
ehamber Tn whTeh he performs liTs devotions. 

Ocean Grove Ts not so good a place for 
batliTng as Bahed. At Ocean Grove Uie 
slope of the bottom of tlic sea Ts so steep tliat 
the waves break, wTtli great violence, and form 
a strong undertow. Tins makes bathTng very 
laborTous, and very dangei'ous. At tins place, 
it Ts necessary to have batiiTng masters, whose 
business Tt Ts to see ^lat no cme Ts Tn tJie sea 
except at proper times, and to render assist- 
ance Tn case one becomes disabled, or -earrled 
(Hit Into tiie deep by the under current. 

Having viewed the pavilion and Its en- 
virons, we mounted tlie carry-all and resiime<l 
the survey of tlie town. When we had passed 



289 

thro all the principal streets, and had scanned 
all tlie places of importance, we crossed over 
tlie rivulet Mi at flows into Wesley Lake, and 
entered Asbury Park. This is anoy^er place 
that abounds in edifices of splendor. Here 
again, we saw large hotels, willi their spacious 
piazzas, and tiieir imposing verandas, costly 
cottages, painted in gaudy colors, large stores 
wTtli attractive siiow windows, extensive lawns 
wiMi excj4iisite walks and tasteful parterres. 
Here is activity. Here life is busy. Here 
almost every permanent citizen is preparing 
to entertain the all-important Summer boarder. 
This IS the business of the place. To this 
every citizen is a caterer. 

While driving arwind Asbury Park, to see 
whatever is to be seen, we stopped at the pa- 
vilion. This IS an extensive structure, built 
out over Mie ocean and affords an extensive 
prospect of the sea and tiie shore. JN^ear the 
pier are tlie dressing rooms. Of these, there- 
are so many that tiiey seem to form a minia- 
ture city. They are neat structures and con- 
veniently arranged. Biit, the dressing rooms 
of Asbury Park are not all by the pavilion. 
At a distance of two hundred yards above and 



290 

below the pier are large gn.mps of these struct- 
ures, as neatly arranged as art €*an afford. In- 
deed, it IS claimed that Asbury Park has 
better arrangements for dressing i-ooins than 
any otlier place in tlie world, except Brighton, 
m England. 

Until about thi'ee o'clock in ^e afternoon, 
the day had been fair, and the sky clear. 
But, suddenly, the sky became clotided 
and the weather tlireateiiTng, and as we were 
leaving Asbury Park it began to rain. The 
shower was not severe; yet, for a few min- 
utes, we^ were obliged U) put down the cur- 
tains Sf the cany-all. This liap})ened as we 
entered the small village, or hamlet, called 
Deal. The rain soon subsided, and as we en- 
tered Elberon tlie sky was clearing and the 
prospect inviting. As we journeyed on, we 
passed by the Franklyn Cottage, the house in 
whieh President Gai'field spent his last hotirs. 

Arriving at Long Braneh, we were soon 
oblivious of all former scenes, and were soon 
lost m admiration of the beautiful spectacle 
that everywhere met oiir eyes. Magnificent 
houses surrounded with beautiful lawns, beset 
with exq-iiisite parterres, arranged according 



291 

to the best prmcipleg of taste, make a land- 
scape not often seen, and never to be forgot- 
ten. Everything here is iipon a grand scale. 
No €ost IS spared. 'No pains wanting. Even 
the carriage houses are more costly and more 
handsome than any of tlie farm houses in the 
rnral districts of tlie State. 

The hotels here are among the largest and 
most imposing in tlie world. As we rode 
along, we passed between tAVo very imposing 
structnres. The one on the left is called the 
West End. It is so astounding in its propor- 
tions, tliat we counted tlie windows in its 
sonthern and eastern facades. On tlie soiitli- 
erii side were thirty-two windows m the row 
tliat lio-hts tlie second floor. On the east side 

CI 

were MiTrty-flve windows in the same row. 
The buiklTng is tliree stories high. Hence 
in tlie two facades, there are one hundred and 
ninety-five wYndows. 

The colonade that extends along tlie son^i- 
ern and eastern facades of tliis house is very 
imposing. It consists of several columns that 
extend from a base, tliat rests upon the floor 
of the piazza, to an entablature that is but a 
projection of tlie roof Miat covers Mie main 



292 

part of the great edifice. By this arrange- 
ment, the entire southern and eastern facades 
of tlie building ai'e flanked wTMi a piazza of 
stupendous pro])oi'ti6ns. 

The hotel upon the opposite side of tiie 
street, is but little less imposing. 

Upon the drive, we saw a, countless number 
of fine horses, and splendid earriages. Along 
with tiiese were some fantastic vehieles. 
These were IjiiTlt of expensive material, and 
handsomely finislied. But, they had only 
two wheels, and looked mueli like the eonimon 
pusii carts, fixed so as to put a horse in the 
shafts. 

The harness upon tiie horses was iiniisil- 
ally showy. Wherever a plait of silver or 
gold eould be made to show to advantage, 
there it was, and burnislied until it sliiiied like 
a mirror. In fact, all tiimgs told, Long- 
Bran eh IS a place of splendor. And, we are 
informed that, in perfection of arehitectnre, 
excj-iiTsTteness of lawns and pai'terres, facilities 
for drives and parades, and pleasantness and 
salnbrTousness of air, its ecj-ual is not found in 
the domains of the civilized world. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




012 608 136 4 



